排序方式: 共有39条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
21.
Sarah Frances Brosnan Joan B. Silk Joseph Henrich Mary Catherine Mareno Susan P. Lambeth Steven J. Schapiro 《Animal cognition》2009,12(4):587-597
Chimpanzees provide help to unrelated individuals in a broad range of situations. The pattern of helping within pairs suggests
that contingent reciprocity may have been an important mechanism in the evolution of altruism in chimpanzees. However, correlational
analyses of the cumulative pattern of interactions over time do not demonstrate that helping is contingent upon previous acts
of altruism, as required by the theory of reciprocal altruism. Experimental studies provide a controlled approach to examine
the importance of contingency in helping interactions. In this study, we evaluated whether chimpanzees would be more likely
to provide food to a social partner from their home group if their partner had previously provided food for them. The chimpanzees
manipulated a barpull apparatus in which actors could deliver rewards either to themselves and their partners or only to themselves.
Our findings indicate that the chimpanzees’ responses were not consistently influenced by the behavior of their partners in
previous rounds. Only one of the 11 dyads that we tested demonstrated positive reciprocity. We conclude that contingent reciprocity
does not spontaneously arise in experimental settings, despite the fact that patterns of behavior in the field indicate that
individuals cooperate preferentially with reciprocating partners. 相似文献
22.
23.
24.
Silk JS Forbes EE Whalen DJ Jakubcak JL Thompson WK Ryan ND Axelson DA Birmaher B Dahl RE 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2011,110(2):241-257
This study used a new cell phone ecological momentary assessment approach to investigate daily emotional dynamics in 47 youths with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 32 no-psychopathology controls (CON) (ages 7-17 years). Information about emotional experience in the natural environment was obtained using answer-only cell phones, while MDD youths received an 8-week course of cognitive behavioral therapy and/or psychopharmacological treatment. Compared with CON youths, MDD youths reported more intense and labile global negative affect; greater sadness, anger, and nervousness; and a lower ratio of positive to negative affect. These differences increased with pubertal maturation. MDD youths spent more time alone and less time with their families than CON youths. Although differences in emotional experiences were found across social contexts, MDD youths were more negative than CON youths in all contexts examined. As the MDD participants progressed through treatment, diagnostic group differences in the intensity and lability of negative affect decreased, but there were no changes in the ratio of positive to negative affect or in measures of social context. We discuss methodological innovations and advantages of this approach, including improved ecological validity and access to information about variability in emotions, change in emotions over time, the balance of positive and negative emotions, and the social context of emotional experience. 相似文献
25.
Amanda Sheffield Morris Jennifer S. Silk Laurence Steinberg Andrew M. Terranova Mumbe Kithakye 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(1):48-56
Two studies examined relations between children’s anger regulation and externalizing behavior utilizing community samples.
The first study included 58 children from preschool through second grade and examined concurrent associations between regulation
and externalizing behavior. The second study included 40 preschool and kindergarten children and examined regulation and externalizing
behavior 2 years later. In both studies, anger reactivity and regulation strategies were assessed during home visits using
the same observational task. In study 1, teachers completed a problem behavior checklist shortly after the home visit. In
study 2, teachers completed a problem behavior checklist 2 years later. Results indicate that the dysregulation of anger is
associated with externalizing problems concurrently and two years later. Findings also suggest that attention refocusing may
be a successful strategy for reducing anger and externalizing problems among highly reactive children. 相似文献
26.
Zanarini MC Frankenburg FR Hennen J Reich DB Silk KR 《Journal of personality disorders》2005,19(1):19-29
The purpose of this study was to determine the course of the psychosocial functioning of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) over 6 years of prospective follow-up. The psychosocial functioning of 290 patients meeting both DIB-R and DSM-III-R criteria for BPD and 72 patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for another Axis II disorder (and neither criteria set for BPD) was assessed at baseline using a semistructured interview of demonstrated reliability. Over 94% of surviving patients were reinterviewed about their psychosocial functioning blind to all previously collected information at three distinct follow-up waves: 2-, 4-, and 6-year follow-up. The psychosocial functioning of borderline patients improved substantially over time, with the percentage meeting criteria for good overall psychosocial functioning increasing from 26% at baseline to 56% during the third wave of follow-up. Despite this improvement, borderline patients functioned significantly more poorly than Axis II comparison subjects, particularly in the area of vocational achievement. However, a more detailed examination revealed that borderline patients who had experienced a symptomatic remission during the course of the study functioned significantly better both socially and vocationally than never-remitted borderline patients. More specifically, they were significantly more likely to have a good relationship with a spouse/partner and at least one parent, good work/school performance, a sustained work/school history, a GAF score of 61 or higher (43% vs. 0% 6 years after their index admission), and to have good overall psychosocial functioning (66% vs. 27% at 6 year follow-up). Taken together, the results of this study suggest that psychosocial improvement is both common among borderline patients and strongly related to their symptomatic status. 相似文献
27.
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of retrospective reports of childhood sexual and physical abuse by comparing two assessment formats, interview and questionnaire, and looking at both the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability over 2 years. Nonclinical participants completed the Family Experiences Interview (FEI; Ogata et al., 1990) and the Family Experiences Questionnaire (FEQ; Wheelock, Lohr, & Silk, 1997) at age 18 and the FEQ again at age 20. Both assessments evaluate individuals for sexual and physical abuse before age 18, and the two have similar formats and wording. There were no significant differences in the reported frequency of childhood abuse on the interview versus on the questionnaire when given at the same point in time, and the agreement between the two measures was high. The test-retest reliability in childhood abuse reports was moderate. Taken together, these results suggest that interview and questionnaire reports of childhood abuse are roughly equivalent. 相似文献
28.
29.
Alex Silk 《Philosophy and phenomenological research》2021,102(1):127-161
30.
McKone Kirsten M. P. Woody Mary L. Ladouceur Cecile D. Silk Jennifer S. 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2021,49(5):615-628
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - Adolescence is a period of heightened emotionality, and difficulties with emotion regulation during adolescence are associated with the... 相似文献