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41.
Recent research has examined how people predict unobserved features of an object when its category membership is ambiguous.
The debate has focused on whether predictions are based solely on information from the most likely category, or whether information
from other possible categories is also used. In the present experiment, we compared these category-based approaches with feature
conjunction reasoning, where predictions are based on a comparison among exemplars (rather than categories) that share features
with a target object. Reasoning strategies were assessed by examining patterns of feature prediction and by using an eye gaze
measure of attention during induction. The main findings were (1) the majority of participants used feature conjunction rather
than categorical strategies, (2) people predominantly gazed at the exemplars that were most similar to the target object,
and (3) although people gazed most at the most probable category to which an object could belong, they also attended to other
plausible category alternatives during induction. These findings question the extent to which category-based reasoning is
used for induction when category membership is uncertain. 相似文献
42.
43.
Lei Shi Thomas L. Griffiths Naomi H. Feldman Adam N. Sanborn 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2010,17(4):443-464
Probabilistic models have recently received much attention as accounts of human cognition. However, most research in which
probabilistic models have been used has been focused on formulating the abstract problems behind cognitive tasks and their
optimal solutions, rather than on mechanisms that could implement these solutions. Exemplar models are a successful class
of psychological process models in which an inventory of stored examples is used to solve problems such as identification,
categorization, and function learning. We show that exemplar models can be used to perform a sophisticated form of Monte Carlo
approximation known as importance sampling and thus provide a way to perform approximate Bayesian inference. Simulations of Bayesian inference in speech perception,
generalization along a single dimension, making predictions about everyday events, concept learning, and reconstruction from
memory show that exemplar models can often account for human performance with only a few exemplars, for both simple and relatively
complex prior distributions. These results suggest that exemplar models provide a possible mechanism for implementing at least
some forms of Bayesian inference. 相似文献
44.
Four experiments examined the role of selective attention in a new causal judgment task that allowed measurement of both causal strength and cue recognition. In Experiments 1 and 2, blocking was observed; pretraining with 1 cue (A) resulted in reduced learning about a 2nd cue (B) when those 2 cues were trained in compound (AB+). Participants also demonstrated decreased recognition performance for the causally redundant Cue B, suggesting that less attention had been paid to it in training. This is consistent with the idea that attention is preferentially allocated toward the more predictive Cue A, and away from the less predictive Cue B (e.g., N. J. Mackintosh, 1975). Contrary to this hypothesis, in Experiments 3 and 4, participants demonstrated poorer recognition for the most predictive cues, relative to control cues. A new model, which is based on N. J. Mackintosh's (1975) model, is proposed to account for the observed relationship between the extent to which each cue is attended to, learned about, and later recognized 相似文献
45.
Jaap J van der Meere Dirk-Jan van der Meer Hanns J Kunert Norbert Borger Silja Pirila 《Child neuropsychology》2008,14(2):187-194
The study is designed to investigate response inhibition in children with conduct disorder and borderline intellectual functioning. To this end, children are compared to a normal peer control group using the Alertness test. The test has two conditions. In one condition, children are instructed to push a response button after a visual "go" signal is presented on the screen. In a second condition the "go" signal is preceded by an auditory signal, telling the child that a target stimulus will occur soon. Compared to the control group, the group carrying the dual diagnosis made many preliminary responses (responses before the presentation of the "go" signal), especially in the condition with an auditory signal. This impulsive response style was controlled for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder characteristics of the children. 相似文献
46.
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) are one of the most interesting innovations in the area of online computer gaming. Given the relative lack of research in the area, the main aims of the study were to examine (a) the impact of online gaming (e.g., typical playing behavior) in the lives of online gamers, (b) the effect of online socializing in the lives of gamers, and (c) why people engage in gender swapping. A self-selecting sample of 119 online gamers ranging from 18 to 69 years of age (M = 28.5 years) completed a questionnaire. The results showed that just over one in five gamers (21%) said they preferred socializing online to offline. Significantly more male gamers than female gamers said that they found it easier to converse online than offline. It was also found that 57% of gamers had engaged in gender swapping, and it is suggested that the online female persona has a number of positive social attributes in a male-oriented environment. 相似文献
47.
S Y Griffiths E M S Sherman Daniel J Slick Aaron Lautzenhiser M Westerveld C M Zaroff 《Child neuropsychology》2006,12(3):191-203
The current study used archival data to evaluate the fit of six latent variable models, originally generated by Donders (1999), for the California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version (CVLT-C; Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 1994) in a large (N = 289) sample of pediatric epilepsy cases presenting at three tertiary treatment centers. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we found that a model including factors of Attention Span, Learning Efficiency, Free Delayed Recall, Cued Delayed Recall, and Inaccurate Recall demonstrated the best relative fit for our data. These findings are consistent with those reported by Donders (1999) in his reanalysis of the CVLT-C standardization sample data, supporting the validity of this factorial model in pediatric epilepsy populations. 相似文献
48.
Processing language requires the retrieval of concepts from memory in response to an ongoing stream of information. This retrieval is facilitated if one can infer the gist of a sentence, conversation, or document and use that gist to predict related concepts and disambiguate words. This article analyzes the abstract computational problem underlying the extraction and use of gist, formulating this problem as a rational statistical inference. This leads to a novel approach to semantic representation in which word meanings are represented in terms of a set of probabilistic topics. The topic model performs well in predicting word association and the effects of semantic association and ambiguity on a variety of language-processing and memory tasks. It also provides a foundation for developing more richly structured statistical models of language, as the generative process assumed in the topic model can easily be extended to incorporate other kinds of semantic and syntactic structure. 相似文献
49.
Cultural transmission of information plays a central role in shaping human knowledge. Some of the most complex knowledge that
people acquire, such as languages or cultural norms, can only be learned from other people, who themselves learned from previous
generations. The prevalence of this process of “iterated learning” as a mode of cultural transmission raises the question
of how it affects the information being transmitted. Analyses of iterated learning utilizing the assumption that the learners
are Bayesian agents predict that this process should converge to an equilibrium that reflects the inductive biases of the
learners. An experiment in iterated function learning with human participants confirmed this prediction, providing insight
into the consequences of intergenerational knowledge transmission and a method for discovering the inductive biases that guide
human inferences. 相似文献
50.
Tanja Legenbauer Silja Vocks Corinna Schfer Sabine Schütt-Strmel Wolfgang Hiller Christof Wagner Claus Vgele 《Body image》2009,6(3):228-234
This study assesses whether characteristics of one's own body image influences preferences of attractiveness in a partner. The role of gender and sexual orientation is also considered. Heterosexual women (n = 67), lesbian women (n = 73), heterosexual men (n = 61) and gay men (n = 82) participated in an internet survey assessing attitudes towards the body and preferences of attractiveness in a partner. Men in particular were found to prefer attractive partners, regardless of sexual orientation. Weight/shape dissatisfaction was found to be a negative predictor for heterosexual men and women. For gay men, preferences were better explained by internalization and weight/shape dissatisfaction. No such associations were found in the lesbian group. Levels of weight/shape dissatisfaction and internalization of socio-cultural slenderness ideals influence expectations of thinness and attractiveness in a partner with this effect being modified by gender and sexual orientation. 相似文献