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51.
Although there are some studies documenting structural brain changes during late adolescence, there are few showing functional brain changes over this period in humans. Of special interest would be functional changes in the medial frontal cortex that reflect response monitoring. In order to examine such age-related differences, the authors analyzed event-related potentials following errors in a visual flanker task and a go/no-go task in adolescent males, 15-16 and 18-20 years old. Response times and accuracy were comparable between groups on each task, but the younger group made more go/no-go errors, suggesting this task was more difficult. Error-related negativity, thought to be generated in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), had greater amplitude for the older adolescents on both tasks; thus the increased errors are not simply due to performance level differences. Results from this study suggest that the ACC, which supports response monitoring, is late to mature due to age-related structural or neurochemical changes.  相似文献   
52.
The factor structure of the Stunkard-Messick Eating Questionnaire (SMEQ) differs from that of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). Using students and members of a weight watchers club, we factor-analyzed responses to the SMEQ and produced a solution which was different from that obtained by Stunkard and Messick, but which had some similarities to the factor structure of the DEBQ. “External” taste items and “internal” hunger items loaded on the same factor, a finding inconsistent with externality theory but consistent with the common sense notion of appetite strength. Although our finding suggests factor instability of the SMEQ, the stability of the DEBQ appears to be the consequence of a restricted range of DEBQ items compared with SMEQ items. Financial support for this research was given by Lilly Industries.  相似文献   
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Two experiments support and extend the thesis that rejection of their help is stressful for would-be helpers, and that it leads to “damage controlling” reactions whose eventual goal is to restore their self-image of being efficacious at helping and caring. American college students were invited to offer help, if they wished, to a poorly performing (confederate) recipient who then either rejected or accepted it. Rejected helpers expressed relatively negative affect, biased postdictions of low acceptance, claims of low decision control, recipient- and self-devaluation, and less desire for further association. Individual differences in self-perceived “efficacious caring” and manipulated level of recipient need were shown to moderate some of these outcome reactions. Violated expectancy of acceptance was shown to mediate some of these reactions. Studies were cited showing the generalizability of these findings and theoretical framework to applied contexts and across cultural settings.  相似文献   
54.
Concrete operational Ss were provided empirical evidence of nonconservation of discontinuous quantity and weight. The findings were that few Ss accepted this evidence. This was interpreted as supporting the organismic-developmental claim that lower forms of reasoning are transformed into structurally more advanced forms. It was also found that (1) probing provides a more accurate assessment of Ss' operational levels, (2) one can empirically distinguish between logicomathematical and physical knowledge, and (3) the former is understood by Ss to be nomically necessary and the latter, in the case of weight, may not be.  相似文献   
55.
Measurements of monocular ΔI and PSE as a function of the ISI between two 2-deg foveal fields successively presented to the same retinal area were obtained for two Standard durations, using the method of constant stimuli. Binocular brightness matches of the stimuli revealed that detection of a difference occurred whenever a constant difference (in log mL) in matching luminance existed. The implication of the results was that ΔI is related to the rate of change of brightness with changes in test-field luminance.  相似文献   
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