Evaluation of Lower Limb Neuromuscular System Observability and Estimability of Muscle Activity

Abstract

In this work, we describe a method for estimating the muscle activity without drawing any assumptions regarding optimality principles in human motor control strategies; further, the method does not require any neural circuitry modeling which limits the neurophysiological terms and estimability of the method. We introduce the concept of system observability, which can reconstruct states from outputs and their derivatives based on system dynamics. Based on neuromuscular system observability, we estimate the muscle activity from joint torques and kinematics of multiple locomotive gaits, while considering the unknown neural inputs as system disturbances. Moreover, to quantify the robustness of the method, the degree of observability and parameter sensitivity are evaluated. Finally, the neurophysiological implications and generality of the method are addressed.     

感情经历、失恋角色对恋爱认知-情绪分辨能力的影响

为探究失恋后个体所出现的认知和情绪状况的原因,本研究考察了不同感情经历个体以及失恋个体中主动失恋和被动失恋者对"恋爱事件"的记忆和陈述方式的特征。方法:招募113名被试,根据感情经历和现状分为四组(失恋后单身45人,失恋后恋爱23人,从未失恋现恋爱11人,从未失恋现单身34人),失恋角色(主动36人、被动32人),使用多维尺度分析技术测量个体的认知-情绪分辨能力。结果 :四组中只有失恋后单身组且被动失恋的个体记忆方式中混淆了恋爱的认知和情绪成分,表现出较低的认知-情绪分辨能力。结论:(1)失恋后的再恋爱能够修复因失恋带来的混淆感;(2)失恋事件中的被动方往往比主动方体验到更多的混淆感。     

The Daily Motivators: Positive Work Events,Psychological Needs Satisfaction,and Work Engagement

This study examines the motivational effects of daily positive work events. Drawing on self-determination theory, we investigated the motivational mechanism of two clusters of commonly encountered positive work events—achievement and recognition events—from a within-person perspective. Specifically, we argue that achievement events and recognition events influence subsequent work engagement through satisfying different psychological needs. We tested our model using experience-sampling data from 200 full-time employees over eight workdays. As hypothesised, after controlling for positive affect as an additional mediator, both achievement and recognition events had positive effects on work engagement through psychological needs satisfaction. The results also revealed that achievement and recognition work events had differentiated effects in satisfying different psychological needs. These results shed light on the motivational function of positive work events above and beyond the affective mechanism and explicate the processes through which different types of positive work events relate to work engagement.     

投资行为中突显、情绪和股价高估的实验研究

本研究采用背景突显与情绪、股价估值匹配的测试方法,比较大盘不同指数背景的乐观程度和估值的差异.研究发现高突显(正向)伴随高乐观,同时具有正高估,高突显(负向)伴随悲观情绪,同时具有负高估;即刻情绪波动大的估值波幅也大,换手率也高.     

Contrasting off-line segmentation decisions with on-line word segmentation during reading

In two experiments, we investigated the correspondences between off-line word segmentation and on-line segmentation processing during Chinese reading. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to read sentences which contained critical four-character strings, and then, they were required to segment the same sentences into words in a later off-line word segmentation task. For each item, participants were split into 1-word segmenters (who segmented four-character strings as a single word) and 2-word segmenters (who segmented four-character strings as 2 two-character words). Thus, we split participants into two groups (1-word segmenters and 2-word segmenters) according to their off-line segmentation bias. The data analysis showed no reliable group effect on all the measures. In order to avoid the heterogeneity of participants and stimuli in Experiment 1, two groups of participants (1-word segmenters and 2-word segmenters) and three types of critical four-character string (1-word strings, ambiguous strings, and 2-word strings) were identified in a norming study in Experiment 2. Participants were required to read sentences containing these critical strings. There was no reliable group effect in Experiment 2, as was the case in Experiment 1. However, in Experiment 2, participants spent less time and made fewer fixations on 1-word strings compared to ambiguous and 2-word strings. These results indicate that the off-line word segmentation preferences do not necessarily reflect on-line word segmentation processing during Chinese reading and that Chinese readers exhibit flexibility such that word, or multiple constituent, segmentation commitments are made on-line.