Deconstructing antenatal depression: What is it that matters for neonatal behavioral functioning?

This prospective study examined the variability within clinical characteristics of antenatal maternal depression and cortisol levels for associations with newborn infant behavior using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS; T.B. Brazelton, 1984 ). Participants were 81 pregnant women at risk for perinatal depression given their histories of depression prior to pregnancy. We took into consideration not only whether the woman experienced antenatal depression but also whether the depression met diagnostic criteria and variability in timing (onset and occurrence) of antenatal depression and symptom severity. Infants of mothers who became depressed during pregnancy scored less optimally on a subset of the NBAS scales, specifically those scales related to infant neuroregulation. Among the clinical characteristics of depression, the fetus' overall exposure to mothers' depression (reflected in the mean) was most often and most strongly associated with NBAS scales. In terms of timing, third‐trimester exposure was significantly related to newborn behavior. The findings are discussed within the S.H. Goodman and I.H. Gotlib ( 1999 ) model for transmission of psychopathology to offspring of depressed mothers.     

论作为现象学“意向性”概念之起源的笛卡尔式“夸张的怀疑”

"夸张的怀疑"是笛卡尔得出其形而上学第一命题的方法,亦被胡塞尔认为在现代哲学中首次揭示了"意向性"概念的内涵。依据它的机制,"我思"的确定性意味着"自由意志的确定存在"与"持续现前于精神的清楚分明的知觉的不可怀疑"。以此为基础,笛卡尔不仅可以完成观念论式的二元论证,而且也认识到人是"灵魂与肉体的紧密结合体",由此指明了建立在二元论基础上的"笛卡尔科学"独特的伦理内涵。     

工作记忆内容对无意视盲的改善作用

无意视盲是注意捕获失败的一种现象.研究发现:工作记忆内容对视觉注意的引导可以影响视觉注意的捕获.本研究以此为基础探讨了工作记忆内容能否影响无意视盲.本研究采用了静态无意视盲典型范式,通过两个实验分别探讨了工作记忆对无意视盲的引导作用以及在不同知觉负荷下引导作用的自动性,进而研究工作记忆内容对无意视盲的改善作用.实验1结果表明,当非期望刺激与工作记忆内容属于同一类别时,对非期望刺激的觉察率显著高于当非期望刺激与工作记忆内容不属于同一类别的情况,说明在纯语义的水平上工作记忆内容可以引导视觉注意捕获,进而改善无意视盲.实验2发现,当知觉负荷由低到高变化时,非期望刺激与工作记忆内容同类属时,觉察率无显著变化,说明工作记忆内容对无意视盲引导不受知觉负荷的调节,是一种自动化的过程.     

大道修行的自我快乐

"修行"是一种实践活动。道教所谓"修行"说到底就是"修道",力图通过伦理道德实践和养生技术手段来调理身心,最终达到"与道合真"的理想境界。从这个角度讲,道教修行也可称为"大道修行"。     

Role of face‐to‐face and computer‐mediated communication time in the cohesion and performance of mixed‐mode groups

Although the rapid development of information technology has led to the increasing use of computer‐mediated communication (CMC), few studies have examined the relational aspect of mixed‐mode groups that use both face‐to‐face (FTF) communication and CMC. A field study comprising 42 student groups was conducted to assess the relationships among communication time, cohesion, and performance in mixed‐mode groups. The findings suggest that time spent in FTF communication significantly predicted group social cohesion, but time spent in CMC did not. In contrast, group task cohesion was predicted by time spent in CMC but not by time spent in FTF communication. Time spent in CMC was also a strong predictor of group task performance. These results suggest that FTF communication contributes to the social aspect of mixed‐mode groups and that CMC is beneficial to their task‐related aspect. The findings of mediation analyses showed a significant indirect effect among time spent in FTF communication, group social cohesion, and group contextual performance. In other words, time spent in FTF communication had a positive effect on group social cohesion, which in turn positively affected group contextual performance. However, no mediating effect was found among time spent in CMC, group task cohesion, and group task performance. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

美澳关于预防医疗场所暴力行为的指南及在我国建立此类指南的探讨

近年来,我国医患关系紧张,医疗场所暴力行为频发,美国、澳大利亚等国均有完善的预防暴力行为指南,而我国尚无类似指南,而仅有部分医务人员自发讨论通过的建议.为了医患关系早期回归正常,也为了避免更多悲剧,医务工作者、患者、媒体及相关部门应该共同努力,采取多种措施营适和谐的行医、就医环境.     

大学生自我同一性与亲子依恋、因果取向之间的关系

通过对536名大学生的问卷调查,考察了大学生的自我同一性状态与亲子依恋、因果取向之间的关系。结果表明:良好的亲子依恋有利于大学生的自我同一性形成,使大学生更可能处于同一性获得状态,避免同一性扩散。除直接影响外,亲子依恋以因果取向中的自主取向和非个人取向为中介对同一性状态产生重要的间接影响,从而揭示了亲子依恋对大学生自我同一性发挥影响的作用方式。     

心理距离、封面故事对框架效应的影响

该研究旨在比较志愿决策和“亚洲疾病”决策两种任务领域下,人们风险偏好的特征情况,以考察远、近不同社会距离对风险偏好的影响.同时,在传统的坏封面故事下,增设好封面故事情景,以期发现封面故事作为决策前的必要背景信息对人们决策的影响.选取高中生为被试,结果发现：（1）在近的社会距离下决策时,风险偏好受到时间距离、封面故事、概率和框架的影响;在远的社会距离下,这些因素的影响作用不大;（2）志愿决策中,风险偏好仅在小概率条件下,受封面故事、框架等因素的影响;在好封面故事下,风险偏好受到框架的影响;在坏的封面故事下,风险偏好受时间距离和框架的交互作用影响.     

Outpatient Psychotropic Medication Use in the US: A Comparison Based on Foster Care Status

Using data from the Client/Patient Sample Survey, a nationally representative study of outpatient mental health service utilization, the prevalence and correlates of psychotropic medication receipt for youth who live with families and in foster care are compared. The medication rate is similar for both groups, with slightly more than one-third of youth treated with medication. Additionally, when medication is prescribed, it is the sole intervention provided for close to one half of each group, and the distribution of other services received (such as clinical case management and collateral services) is similar, regardless of living situation. However, the predictors of medication use differ for the two groups. Among foster care youth, only presenting problems of depressed mood, being withdrawn, and suicidality significantly increase the odds of medication; among youth with families, sociodemographic characteristics (male gender), and a range of clinical factors (disruptive behavior disorder, presenting problems of hyperactivity and sleep disturbance, prior mental health service receipt, and inpatient or residential care referral sources) increase the likelihood of medication. The conclusion that distinct sets of factors predict medication for the two groups was reinforced by results of multivariate analyses; foster care status moderates the association between medication receipt and only one of the correlates examined (gender). Implications, limitations, and areas for future research are presented.     

Motivational cues: The role of perceived senders' self‐control ability in raters' deception judgements

Previous studies have found that senders' personal traits may be used by others to make judgements about the senders' truthfulness. Two studies were conducted to examine whether perceived self‐control ability has an effect on deception judgement. Perceived self‐control was hypothesized to act as a motivational cue that participants would use to assess the sender's motivation to lie, which in turn would influence their deception judgement. Results revealed that when participants assessed the sender as having higher self‐control ability, they would consider the sender to be less motivated to lie in daily life (Study 1), and judge the sender more truthful in a text‐based deception judgement task (Study 2). However, the effect of perceived self‐control ability disappeared in a video‐based task (Study 2), likely due to the multitude of various cues available in audio‐visual stimuli. The theoretical and applied implications of the results are discussed.