网络论坛情境中的人际知觉准确性及影响因素

本研究彩网上自然实验法,以MBTI价格类型量表作为价格评价工具,探讨了网络论坛情境人际知觉准确性最高,J-P维度的知觉准确性次之,E-I维度的知觉准确性最低。（3）相关分析与回归分析的结果表明,影响人际知觉准确性的因素主要来自四个方面：知觉者、知觉对象的判断、以及两者的相似性。     

听写困难儿童在笔画加工中的整体干扰效应

听写困难是指儿童阅读正常而听写落后的现象,是一种常见的儿童学习障碍类型。听写困难儿童的字形表征缺陷可能来源于局部字形加工中的整体干扰。分别从整体字形干扰和整体语音干扰两个角度来考察听写困难儿童在笔画加工中的整体干扰机制。整体字形干扰研究表明,笔画加工过程受到整体字形的干扰,这种干扰发生在所有儿童身上,但对听写困难儿童的干扰效应更为明显;整体语音干扰研究表明,在笔画加工过程中,正常儿童受到整体语音的显著干扰,而听写困难儿童并未受到整体语音的干扰。综合整体字形干扰和整体语音干扰的结果,提出听写困难儿童的整体字形加工能力缺陷假说和笔画的视觉加工模式假说,究竟哪一种假说更为合理,还有待进一步研究     

准备间隔对口吃者言语反应速度的影响

为了考察准备间隔对口吃者言语反应速度的影响,作者采用固定准备间隔下的预备反应时范式,设置了6种准备间隔,通过三个系列实验,检测口吃者的最佳言语准备间隔。结果发现,无论时间压力（项目间隔）怎样变化,口吃被试的问题在于,当准备间隔增加到800ms时,他们无法有效保持或提高反应速度;而且,这一现象只在言语命名任务上表现明显。作者认为,口吃者在言语运动准备过程中的异常,很可能是引起口吃现象的重要原因。     

To what extent do investors in a financial market anchor their judgments excessively? Evidence from the Hong Kong horserace betting market

A naturalistic study was employed to explore a new form of “basic anchoring.” In particular, we examined the degree to which decision makers in a financial market, the horserace betting market, anchored their probability judgments excessively on a factor present in the environment at the time the judgments were made and which was relevant and informative to the judgment: the advantage afforded by a horse's barrier‐position (BP). The results demonstrated that under certain conditions bettors anchored excessively on BP information revealed at previous race meetings, but not on the most recent race outcomes. In fact, bettors appeared to use the most recent race outcomes appropriately when forming probability estimates; but only when the results were in line with, what were likely to be, their expectations of BP advantage. Bettors with varying levels of expertise were shown to be subject to excessive anchoring, although greater expertise was generally associated with less excessive anchoring. The paper concludes that the manner and degree of basic anchoring in real‐world environments is complex. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人民公社制度内涵及其反思——以现代性为视角

以现代性视角来看,人民公社制度是毛泽东为解决中国农村和农民尽快实现由传统向现代社会转型的一次全方位探索和实践.它源起于新中国对于工业化路径的选择,采取了"政社合一"的制度模式,并在实践中逐渐形成了一套较为完整的约束和实施机制.尽管它存在着诸多问题,但却是我们理解和把握中国现代化道路的一个不可或缺的楔入口.     

听写障碍儿童的字形输出错误特点

阅读正常而听写落后的听写障碍是一种特殊的学习障碍类型,相关研究非常缺乏.本研究首先根据听写错误分类,考察了听写障碍儿童在认读正确的听写错误中,各种错误类型分布特点.发现,(1)对于所有被试来说,零反应都是一种主要的错误形态;(2)听写障碍被试的零反应比例明显高于总体平均成绩.为了进一步考察障碍组较高零反应的原因,本研究考察了字形提示对听写成绩的影响.结果,(3)障碍组被试的提示有效率明显高于对照组.这表明,听写障碍儿童形音表征联结的缺陷可能是导致大量的零反应的主要原因.     

王弼“卦主说”探微——对《易传》以来“卦主”思想的继承与发展

“卦主说”是发端于《易传》并经由京房、郑玄等易学家发展的一种解易体例,在王弼那里达到了新的高峰。王弼“卦主说”包括三个方面的基本内容：“一爻为主说”、“内外二体说”和“卦名、卦辞以定卦义说”。从其“卦主说”这一侧面分析,王弼的易学具有义理象数兼用、易玄结合两个基本特征,其理论的最终落脚点是人事道德、社会政治。     

Psychosocial Well-being of Children in HIV/AIDS-Affected Families in Southwest China: A Qualitative Study

We investigated the psychosocial well-being of children in HIV/AIDS-affected families in rural China from the child’s and caregiver’s perspectives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among children living in HIV/AIDS-affected families (n = 16), their caregivers (n = 16) and key community informants (n = 5). Our findings showed that all of the children relied heavily on caregivers and peers to gain psychological support. Children’s psychosocial problems included fear, anxiety, grief, and loss of self-esteem and confidence. Stigma towards children existed, including isolation, ignorance and rejection. Our study illustrates that HIV/AIDS has impacted negatively on the psychosocial well-being of children. These findings can be used as preliminary data supporting more researches to profoundly explore the psychosocial impact of HIV/AIDS on children and appropriately indicate the need for interventions.     

Do the size of consideration set and the source of the better competing option influence post-choice regret?

Regret may arise not only from the comparison of outcome, but also through various factors involved the decision-making process. However, the role of the size of consideration set, an important factor in the decision-making process, has received little attention in previous regret research. This research aims to examine how the size of a consideration set, from which a choice is made, influences post-choice regret. Results from two experimental studies show that: (1) in cases where the better performing forgone alternative comes from within the consideration set, the feeling of regret heightens when subjects have a larger self-generated consideration set; and (2) where the more competitive forgone alternative is derived from outside the consideration set, the impact of the size of the consideration set is mitigated. The research strengthens the theoretical foundation of the impact of decision process on regret and also enriches the literature on reference dependence.     

数学焦虑影响儿童的数量表征:认知抑制的调节作用

为了考察数学焦虑对儿童数量表征表现的可能影响及认知抑制的潜在调节作用,选取70名小学三年级儿童（高焦虑组36人,低焦虑组34人）为被试,在对抑制条件进行操控的情况下,要求其完成符号、非符号数量表征任务。结果发现,被试在两种数量表征任务中均出现距离效应,与符号数量比较任务相比,高焦虑组在非符号数量比较任务中的正确率显著低于低焦虑组,且高焦虑组表现出了更强的距离效应。鉴于非符号数量比较任务更能反映出个体近似数量系统（ANS）的敏锐性,上述结果意味着高数学焦虑儿童的数量表征更不精确,其在相对复杂问题上较差的表现或许源于基本数量能力缺陷。本研究还发现认知抑制能够调节数学焦虑对个体非符号数量表征的影响,抑制条件下高低焦虑组儿童在正确率指标上的差异大于非抑制条件,抑制条件的设置提高了个体对工作记忆资源的需求,此时焦虑情绪对认知资源的消耗会造成任务所需资源的不足,进而削弱高焦虑个体的认知效用。