中国当代研究生的情感素质现状及其影响因素

为揭示当代研究生情感素质及所受因素影响状况, 用自编问卷调查全国3类地区14座城市51所高校的10056名研究生。结果发现：研究生情感素质呈2层面6大类33种情感的结构; 爱国感、责任感、信用感、自立感、自尊感、成就感等水平较高, 正直感、宽恕感、人文美感、表达自己情绪能力等较低; 不同性别、获奖经历、学科研究生的情感素质有结构性差异; 核心价值观认同、对舆论关注、人际关系、自我要求等对其情感素质有正向影响; 研究生理智情感等高于本专科生。总之, 当代研究生情感素质总体尚好, 各部分发展不均衡, 发展水平受社会、人际和自我等多方因素影响。     

阅读材料的呈现方式对儿童阅读活动的影响

本研究采用传统印刷文本、普通电子文本和超文本导航模式考察阅读材料的呈现方式对儿童阅读活动的影响.研究结果表明:(1)在三种呈现方式条件下,高阅读水平者的阅读成绩显著优于低水平者;女生成绩显著优于男生;(2)阅读材料的不同呈现方式对儿童阅读理解无显著影响;(3)在三种呈现方式中,儿童对超文本的正向评价要优于传统印刷文本和普通电子文本.这表明大部分儿童可以在短时间内接受,并熟悉非线性文本方式.     

心理咨询与治疗研究中的质性研究

心理咨询与治疗研究与实践长期存在脱节现象;心理咨询与治疗研究需要研究方法的多元化与科学化.质性研究方法的应用能在一定程度上解决心理咨询与治疗领域所面临的这两个问题.本文对质性研究方法应用于心理咨询与治疗研究的背景和现状进行综述,以期能对国内心理咨询与治疗研究者提供思考和借鉴.     

聋童与正常儿童对多种信念的认知

选取了122名3～12岁聋童,并分别用65名3～5岁的正常儿童作对照,开展了2个实验系列,探讨了儿童的正确信念、一级错误信念及二级错误信念认知的发展特点.结果如下: (1)聋童及正常儿童信念认知的发展过程中,无论是关于正确信念,还是关于一级错误信念,都是先发展自我信念认知,再发展他人信念认知;(2)关于正确信念、一级错误信念和二级错误信念认知的发展,聋童都比正常儿童滞后,但两者的发展趋势一致; (3)手语聋童在信念认知上略好于口语聋童; (4)父母为聋人或父母会手语的聋童,以及兄弟姐妹会手语的聋童,其信念认知水平要比其他聋童好.     

Action Research: A Missing Component in the Emergence of Social and Cross‐Cultural Psychology as a Fully Inter‐Connected Global Enterprise

Action research, as envisaged by Lewin, uses research to solve a social problem and provide theoretical knowledge. It involves a cyclical–spiral of planning, action, and evaluation with feedback between parties, taking into account power and value differences and empowering change agents. This has been all but abandoned by social psychologists today. Contemporary ‘participatory’ action research has migrated to fields like education and development and community studies that emphasize a social constructionist epistemology with a qualitative approach of recording bottom‐up processes of social change and community self‐awareness. The globalization of psychology affords new opportunities for a return to more top‐down Lewinian traditions, where academics in the developing world – embedded within a cultural milieu of interconnectedness and relatively exempt from pressures to publish or perish – can work together with academics in wealthy countries to produce a process oriented psychology that is capable of making a difference under conditions of climate change and the end of cheap oil. Asian social psychology, where strongly indigenous psychologies have taken root in growing economies, may take a leading role in this movement.     

The Contributions of Personality to Organizational Behavior and Psychology: Findings,Criticisms, and Future Research Directions

Skepticism regarding the importance of personality traits as predictors of organizational behavior criteria has given way to an appreciation of the broad array of work outcomes predicted by personality. This article considers the effects of the five‐factor model (‘Big Five’) personality traits on the following work outcomes: (1) job performance; (2) work motivation; (3) job attitudes; (4) leadership; (5) power, politics, and influence; (6) stress, adaptability, and coping; (7) team effectiveness; (8) counterproductive/deviant workplace behaviors; (9) workplace accidents; and (10) conflict and negotiation. Two contemporary criticisms of personality research in organizational behavior – that the validities are small and that faking undermines the usefulness of personality inventories in employment contexts – are then evaluated. Finally, a brief agenda for future research is provided which highlights needed areas of advancement.     

Phonological awareness in young Chinese children

Two studies explored the nature of phonological awareness (PA) in Chinese. In Study 1, involving 146 children, awareness of phoneme onset did not differ from chance levels at ages 3-5 years in preschool but increased to 70% correct in first grade, when children first received phonological coding (Pinyin) instruction. Similarly, tone awareness was at better than chance levels from second year kindergarten (age 4), but increased strongly and significantly in first grade to 74% accuracy. In contrast, syllable and rime awareness increased gradually and steadily across ages 3-6 years. Patterns suggest different influences of age and literacy instruction for different PA levels. In Study 2, involving 202 preschoolers, variance in Chinese character recognition was best explained by tasks of syllable awareness, tone awareness, and speeded naming. Findings underscore the unique importance of both tone and syllable for early character acquisition in Chinese children.     

医疗价格过度增长的管制原因分析

医疗服务的准公共产品特征说明医疗价格问题不能完全由市场来解决,政府必须对医疗价格进行管制。造成医疗价格高昂的原因是多样的和复杂的,基于对医疗价格的政府管制现状分析,认为对医疗价格的管制不善,是导致中国高昂医疗价格的原因之一,并且提出了对医疗价格进行管制的制度框架。     

《中国高血压防治指南》2005年修订版要点解析

指南是依据流行病学和大规模随机临床试验的最佳证据而修订的.指南的要点是:从110/75mmHg开始,人群血压水平与心血管病发生危险呈连续相关;正常高值血压(120～139mmHg/80～89mmHg)应改善生活方式以预防高血压发生;2002年调查我国有1.6亿高血压患者,但知晓率、治疗年和控制率很低;降低高血压患者的血压水平是预防脑卒中及心脏事件的根本.