技术哲学的两次还原

我们生活在一个日益技术化的社会之中,各种技术现象,如种类繁多、性质各异的技术对象、技术活动、技术知识、技术意志、技术方法和技术过程,无一不令我们眼花缭乱、应接不暇.面对如此纷繁复杂的技术现象,就是专家学者也会感到难以适从.技术哲学作为对技术的哲学层面的反思,其主要任务之一就是给技术研究提供一个具有奠基性的前提.     

小学生对非連貫的单字、数目和图画材料的意义識記

問題意义識記是以对材料的理解为根本条件,是以借助于詞的、反映材料之間的意义联系的概括化了的联想为基础。生活实践和实驗研究都証明意义識記的效果,无論在識記的敏捷性、精确性和巩固性方面都比机械識記好。意义識記对小学生的学习具有重要意义,小学生通过意义識記,可以更有效地把必須記住的东西識記和保持起来。     

In search of the ‘Aha!’ experience: Elucidating the emotionality of insight problem‐solving

Although the experience of insight has long been noted, the essence of the ‘Aha!’ experience, reflecting a sudden change in the brain that accompanies an insight solution, remains largely unknown. This work aimed to uncover the mystery of the ‘Aha!’ experience through three studies. In Study 1, participants were required to solve a set of verbal insight problems and then subjectively report their affective experience when solving the problem. The participants were found to have experienced many types of emotions, with happiness the most frequently reported one. Multidimensional scaling was employed in Study 2 to simplify the dimensions of these reported emotions. The results showed that these different types of emotions could be clearly placed in two‐dimensional space and that components constituting the ‘Aha!’ experience mainly reflected positive emotion and approached cognition. To validate previous findings, in Study 3, participants were asked to select the most appropriate emotional item describing their feelings at the time the problem was solved. The results of this study replicated the multidimensional construct consisting of approached cognition and positive affect. These three studies provide the first direct evidence of the essence of the ‘Aha!’ experience. The potential significance of the findings was discussed.     

A two‐part mixed effects model for cigarette purchase task data

The Cigarette Purchase Task is a behavioral economic assessment tool designed to measure the relative reinforcing efficacy of cigarette smoking across different prices. An exponential demand equation has become a standard model for analyzing purchase task data, but its utility is compromised by its inability to accommodate values of zero consumption. We propose a two‐part mixed effects model that keeps the same exponential demand equation for modeling nonzero consumption values, while providing a logistic regression for the binary outcome of zero versus nonzero consumption. Therefore, the proposed model can accommodate zero consumption values and retain the features of the exponential demand equation at the same time. As a byproduct, the logistic regression component of the proposed model provides a new demand index, the “derived breakpoint”, for the price above which a subject is more likely to be abstinent than to be smoking. We apply the proposed model to data collected at baseline from college students (N = 1,217) enrolled in a randomized clinical trial utilizing financial incentives to motivate tobacco cessation. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the proposed model provides better fits than an existing model. We note that the proposed methodology is applicable to other purchase task data, for example, drugs of abuse.     

再探框架对风险决策行为的影响

期望理论运用Ｓ状的价值函数和非线性的权重函数来解释和预测框架效应。“齐当别”抉择模型将不同框架下的抉择行为简单地看成是“最好可能结果之间的取舍”或者“最坏可能结果之间的取舍”。本研究设计了一“匹配”技术,并用此对作者所报告过的支持框架效应与不支持框架效应的选择问题加以再检验。实验表明,采用不同的框架并不能预测性地决定不同的抉择偏爱,而匹配结果所示的“齐当别”策略则能更好地对所收集到的有关框架效应的数据作出解释。     

学习不良儿童孤独感、同伴接受性的特点及其与家庭功能的关系

采用量表法、同伴提名法、访谈法探讨了小学学习不良儿童孤独感、同伴接受性的特点及其与家庭功能的关系。结果表明,４—６年级小学儿童存在孤独感;与一般儿童相比,学习不良儿童孤独感明显偏高,而同伴接受性明显偏低;同伴接受性与孤独感和家庭功能之间存在显著相关。     

神经元活动的时相同步与脑功能整合

从大脑整合的角度分析心理的神经机制。神经元之间的交互和动态联结而构成神经集合被认为是每一个认知活动的基础。然而这一交互作用的具体性质,即脑整合的机制尚未明确。通过对有关实验结果的分析,认为神经元活动的时相同步可能是脑整合的机制。     

阅读中自然学习生词的实验研究

本研究对儿童阅读时从语境中自然学习生词的过程及其多个影响因素进行了探讨。301名三、五年级小学生参加了实验。首先要求他们阅读文章,然后测验他们对文章中生词的知识。本研究在不同年级和能力的儿童中都发现了显著的自然学习效应。结果还表明,词的概念难度、词结构的语义透明度、语境线索强度和儿童课外阅读量对儿童的自然学习有重要影响。     

"生态平衡":中国心理学研究突围的别一个方向

当下心理学研究出现的种种问题就其实质而言,是一种生态失衡现象,因此,心理学欲走向健康发展之轨道,应注重心理学研究的生态建设。