十年来中国心理学基本理论与心理学史研究的进展

(1)主要进展:有重点地开展了一系列基本理论问题的探讨;中国心理学史研究的成果丰硕;西方心理学的研究成果显著;苏联心理学的研究有所进展;潘菽心理学思想的研究有了良好的开端。 (2)几个主要理论问题的研究:心理学与辩证唯物主义哲学的关系;心理的实质;心理发展的矛盾和动力;心理与活动、实践的关系;意识与无意识;心理活动基本范畴的划分;个性;中国心理学史(如范畴、比较、继承、计量等问题的研究);西方心理学的评价(如对人本主义心理学、精神分析、皮亚杰发生认识论和认知心理学的评价)。 (3)今后努力的方向:自觉坚持辩证唯物主义哲学的指导;坚持理论联系实际的学风;大力加强中国心理学的研究;坚持博采众长、洋为中用的方针;进一步提高基本理论工作者的素质。     

脑中风患者记忆障碍的再研究

本文采用临床记忆量表进一步研究了113例脑梗塞或脑出血患者的记忆损害状况。资料表明约50％的病人记忆商数(MQ)在中等水平以下。与正常人比较差异显著。在急性期刚过的条件下人脑出血组的记忆障碍比较脑梗塞组更为严重一些。四项与词语记忆有关的分测验及MQ均以左脑中风组下降明显,以联想学习与图形自由回忆比较明显。记忆下降的程度与脑梗塞或脑出血的体积大小无明显正相关。     

不同发展阶段的习得性长时程突触增强对新学习的影响

在慢性实验条件下观察到大鼠由学习训练所产生的海马CA_3区习得性长时程突触增强,它的不同发展阶段对新学习任务的习得有不同的作用:(1)在它的形成阶段及巩固阶段对新学习均有易化作用,虽然两个阶段突触效应增强的程度都处于相同的高水平,但后者的易化作用相对要大些,提示这两个发展阶段突触的可塑性变化是有差异的;还有,新学习任务的训练并没有引起突触效应的进一步增强,表明突触效应的长时程增强有“饱和”现象。(2)在它消退后,对新学习任务的习得没有影响。上述结果提示学习的组织形式不同,可从突触机制上影响学习的效果,并进一步证明习得性长时程突触增强是学习和记忆的神经基础。     

云南省西双版纳傣族自治州拉祜族和哈尼族的青少年品德形成的调查研究——跨文化心理学的探讨

云南省西双版纳傣族自治州拉祜族和哈尼族对青少年进行品德教育富有成效。在青少年社会化过程中,在他们向成人过渡时期,本民族都认可他们的独立感和成人感,尊重和信任他们,并让他们在生产劳动和社会生活中锻炼自己。他们的小团体或同辈集体符合青少年的归属需要。小团体在使其成员的品德和行为相符于本民族的行为准则方面,至为重要。 两个民族利用每一时机和各种方式帮助青少年发展良好的品德,教育他们向榜样学习并组织他们从直接经验学习。     

心算乘法对脑干听觉电反应的影响

本文对31名听力正常的健康人作了脑干听觉电反应(BSR)描记。21人在记录过程中让其心算乘法,其中16人还令其注意听刺激短声并概算其触发次数。观察到21名心算者的BSR中16人的BSRⅠ波振幅比安静时的减小,20人的BSR出现了一阳性大波,未观察到Ⅰ波振幅增大的。在听短声的16人中未见出现Ⅰ波振幅减小者,且其中4人反而出现了Ⅰ波振幅相对增大,结果表明,心算乘法对BSR有一定影响,分析认为一种是对感受器的负反馈控制,另一种是正反馈控制,而且前者占优势。     

试评冯特心理学的古典内省

古典内省专指冯特、铁钦纳心理学的内省方法,它在构造派心理学体系里占有特殊重要的地位。从心理学学科发展的观点评论冯特的古典内省,尝试作些具体分析,通过总结西方心理学的历史经验,正确对待内省方法,将会有助于我国心理学的建设。     

主观轮廓和深度线索

一、问题的提出 轮廓是物体的外形线,它在视觉图形知觉中起着重要的作用。一般说来,引起轮廓的刺激,是视野中明度(或颜色)的突然变化。但是,有时在一片完全同质的视域中,人们也能看到轮廓。这种轮廓不是由于客观上的刺激梯度造成的,而是由于一系列其它因素造成的。这种轮廓叫主观轮廓,认知轮廓或错觉轮廓。     

幼儿口头言语发展的调查研究 1.幼儿简单陈述句句法结构发展的初步分析

前 言 言语发展是心理发展的重要组成部分,而汉语的组织体系和结构又不同于其他语言,研究我国儿童言语发展的特点和规律,对指导幼儿语言教学实践和探讨语言发展理论问题都具有极为重要的意义。然而,我国在这方面做的工作还很少,因此,我们于1978年以幼儿口语中句法结构的发展为重点进行了初步调查。本文是调查报告之一,只就幼儿言语     

Cross‐cultural similarities and differences in the theoretical predictors of cyberbullying perpetration: Results from a seven‐country study

The Barlett Gentile cyberbullying model (BGCM) posits that correlated anonymity perceptions and the belief in the irrelevance of muscularity for online bullying (BIMOB) predict positive cyberbullying attitudes to predict subsequent cyberbullying perpetration. Much research has shown the BGCM to be the only published theory that differentiates traditional and cyberbullying while validly predicting cyberbullying. So far, however, the cross‐cultural ubiquity has gone understudied. Thus, 1,592 adult participants across seven countries (USA, Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Japan, and Singapore) completed measures germane to the BGCM. Supporting the BGCM, the variables were significantly correlated for the entire sample, participants from independent cultures, and participants from interdependent cultures. However, the relationship between BIMOB and positive cyberbullying attitudes as well as the relationship between positive cyberbullying attitudes and cyberbullying perpetration were stronger for independent cultures. These results suggest that the BGCM postulates are mostly universal, but several relations appear to be culturally different. Theoretical implications are discussed.     

Longitudinal relationships among interpersonal openness trait,hostile attribution bias,and displaced aggressive behaviour: Big Five treated as covariates

Displaced aggressive behaviour is associated with many negative outcomes. Although certain personality traits predict displaced aggressive behaviour, the uniquely longitudinal effect of indigenous interpersonal traits on displaced aggressive behaviour is ignored. To address this gap, we explored the longitudinal relationship among an indigenously interpersonal trait of China (interpersonal openness), hostile attribution bias, and self-reported displaced aggressive behaviour. Additionally, we tested whether hostile attribution bias mediated the relationship between interpersonal openness and self-reported displaced aggressive behaviour. The Interpersonal Self-Support Scale for Undergraduate Students, Word Sentence Association Paradigm for Hostility, Displaced Aggression Questionnaire, and the NEO Personality Inventory-3 were administered to 942 undergraduates on two occasions, 6 months apart. A cross-lagged model showed that, after controlling for the Big Five personality traits, interpersonal openness predicted subsequent hostile attribution bias, and hostile attribution bias predicted self-reported displaced aggressive behaviour 6 months later. Hostile attribution bias at time 2 mediated the relationship between interpersonal openness at time 1 and self-reported displaced aggressive behaviour at time 2. These results were consistent with the interpersonal self-support theory's appraisals of interpersonal openness, and they extended the social information processing and general aggression models to explain displaced aggressive behaviour.