The antinomy of science and democracy in modern China

Up to now Chinese academia has been addicted to inviting the twin goddesses of democracy and science, but has regrettably ignored the innate incongruity between them, which has led to the rise of scientism. May 4th pioneers first introduced this value system, but tension between these values subsequently led to a prevailing preference for science over freedom. The early Marxists defined freedom as obedience to social laws formulated in Marxist ‘science’, while Maoism finalized the Sinicization of Marxism with a belief in iron‐bound social laws and in human beings as mere political means, mercilessly suppressing any expression of free will.     

Evaluating the desirability of meals: an illustrative multiattribute decision analysis procedure to assess portfolios with interdependent items

This paper presents an exploratory study designed to address complex scaling problems in applying value/utility theory to measuring preferences over alternative combinations (or portfolios) of multiattributed items. This application considers meals served to nursing home residents as portfolios of food items and seeks to maximize meal appeal. We consider food interrelation and link single food measurements to overall meal measurements in the process of constructing meal desirability scales. We test the resulting scales to capture one expert's professional judgments and discuss issues raised in this specific application in the context of general portfolio evaluation problems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of shopping channel (online vs. offline) on message framing of naturalness

Naturalness is a significant driver of food-related choices. However, there is scarce knowledge of how textual cues could be utilised to enhance the effectiveness of naturalness claims. Drawn from construal level theory, we attempted to examine how different methods of framing naturalness affect consumers in online vs. offline shopping contexts. Study 1 employed a 2 (abstract vs. concrete) × 2 (online vs. offline) experiment with 127 respondents and demonstrated that concrete framing heightens positive attitudes via increased perceived concreteness of the message, especially in offline shopping situations. Study 2 employed a 4 (abstract vs. control vs. concrete without mentioning natural vs. concrete mentioning natural) × 2 (online vs. offline) experiment with 173 respondents and replicated findings from Study 1. Furthermore, Study 2 ruled out alternative explanations of message authenticity, transparency and credibility and indicated that the effect of message framings is truly driven by the congruency between consumers' construal level and message framings. Interestingly, no significant effect of abstractly framed naturalness claims was observed in online shopping situations, contradicting existing studies. This suggests that other psychological mechanisms may interplay and hinder the effectiveness of abstract framing in our study. Taken together, the current research demonstrate that consumers' mental representation varies across shopping platforms and how it affects their evaluation of different methods of message framing.     

汉语偏正/述宾歧义短语加工初探

操纵短语续接方向及歧义性,采用移动窗口范式,考察了均衡型、偏正型和述宾型三类歧义短语的加工,结果发现,偏正型歧义短语按述宾结构续接以及述宾型歧义短语按偏正结构续按时,在解歧区２上都有明显的加工困难,说明实验所采用的方法是敏感的。实验还发现,均衡型歧义短语按述宾结构续接时,在解歧区２上仍有加工上的困难,述宾型歧义短语按偏正结构续按时,在解歧区３上仍能看到加工上的困难,这表明歧义消解具有相对分散的特点。更重要的是,实验发现,均衡型歧义短语按述宾结构续接时,在解歧区１上就出现了加工困难,表明被试实际上按偏正结构来分析这种短语。该文从句法分析原则、语言分布知识的使用以及动词论题结构与语义完整性等角度对这一发现进行了讨论。     

Ordinal knowledge: number names and number concepts in Chinese and English.

Previous research has demonstrated cross-language variation in early counting associated with linguistic differences in number-naming systems. Ordinal number names are typically learned later than cardinal names, but languages also differ in the regularity with which they form these names. Elementary school children in China and the U.S. showed differences in the acquisition and use of ordinal numbers corresponding to linguistic differences in ordinal names in their native languages. On tasks assessing children's conceptual knowledge of ordinal relations, a more complicated picture emerged. These results suggest that (a) children induce their language's set of ordinal number names by generalization based on rules sanctioned by early examples, and (b) the relation between ordinal names and ordinal concepts is a complex one, with language only one source of difficulty in understanding ordinal relations. Implications for studies of the relation between linguistic structure and cognitive development are discussed, in particular the possibility that effects of linguistic differences may vary for different levels of development and for different aspects of cognition.     

艾勒悖论(Allais Paradox)另释

艾勒悖论违背了期望效用(Expected Utility)理论的独立性(independence)原则,成为欲推翻期望效用理论的杠杆。“齐当别”抉择模型不将风险决策行为看成是追求某种“最大期望值”的抉择反应,而将其看成是“最好可能结果之间的取舍”或者“最坏可能结果之间的取舍”。此项研究设计了一“判断”技术,并用此对艾勒设计的选择问题加以检验。实验表明,判断结果所示的“齐当别”策略能满意地对艾勒选择题作出解释。     

无语境条件下汉语词类歧义词的意义激活

以单字词为实验材料,采用启动命名任务,在孤立词条件下考察了汉语词类歧义词不同意义激活的时间进程特点。实验发现,歧义词的两种意义都能被激活,但主要意义激活得较早,次要意义激活速度较慢;当两种意义都激活之后,次要意义的激活水平降低,而主要意义仍维持在一定激活水平。结果表明,汉语词类歧义词的多重激活过程会受到意义相对频率的影响。     

A model of users' satisfaction with Taiwan's Government website

Taiwan's Government web portal has been the sole communication link between citizens and E-Government since being launched in 2002 to provide citizens with government-related information promptly via effective classification. The assessment of the service quality and citizens' satisfaction with E-Government has rarely been explored. The present study explored how the service quality of E-Government subsequently affects the users' psychological and behavioral responses. A structural model was proposed that contained four constructs: service quality, service value, users' satisfaction, and behavioral intention as well as their interrelations. A survey was used to collect users' ratings. Structural equation modeling was applied to verify the factor analysis of the obtained data and fit of a model. Analyses indicated adequate fit of model as follows: E-Government service quality --> service value --> users' satisfaction --> behavioral intention.     

语素意识在儿童汉语阅读中的作用

文章考察了语音意识、语素意识和命名速度在儿童汉语阅读中的作用。结果发现：语素意识和命名速度对汉字命名组词具有显著的预测作用;而语素意识和语音意识对同音字识别具有显著的预测作用。语素意识是唯一显著预测两种不同阅读任务的认知变量。对阅读障碍儿童所存在的缺陷进行分析,结果发现：76%的阅读障碍存在语素缺陷;相比之下,分别有43%和41%的阅读障碍存在语音缺陷和命名速度缺陷。结果表明汉语的语素意识在儿童阅读中具有重要作用,语素缺陷有可能成为儿童汉语阅读困难的主要原因。     

声旁部分信息在儿童学习和记忆汉字中的作用

采用类似课堂教学的学习－测验任务,通过3个实验探讨了声旁提供的部分读音信息在儿童学习和记忆汉字中的作用。被试来自北京市两所小学260名四年级学生。实验中要求学生学习和记忆3种生字：（1）声旁提供汉字读音的全部信息,如规则一致字;（2）声旁提供汉字读音的部分信息,如声调不同字或声母不同字;（3）声旁不提供汉字读音的信息,如声旁不知字。要求学生学习所有的字一遍后回忆生字的读音,共学习3遍。实验发现,儿童学习和记忆汉字的正确率随声旁提供的整字读音信息不同而不同：当声旁提供全部信息时正确率最高,当声旁提供部分信息时其次,当声旁没有提供信息时最低;而且声旁提供的部分信息越多,正确率越高。结果表明,儿童对声旁提供的部分读音信息敏感,发展声旁意识对学习和记忆汉字有积极作用