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61.
The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
This study examined a model of the antecedents and consequences of perceived organizational support (POS) and leader-member exchange (LMX). It was predicted that organizational justice (procedural and distributive justice) and organizational practices that provide recognition to the employee (feelings of inclusion and recognition from upper management) would influence POS. For LMX, it was predicted that leader reward (distributive justice and contingent rewards) and punishment behavior would be important antecedents. Results based on a sample of 211 employee-supervisor dyads indicated that organizational justice, inclusion, and recognition were related to POS and contingent rewards were related to LMX. In terms of consequences, POS was related to employee commitment and organizational citizenship behavior, whereas LMX predicted performance ratings. 相似文献
62.
Audiotactile temporal order judgments 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We report a series of three experiments in which participants made unspeeded 'Which modality came first?' temporal order judgments (TOJs) to pairs of auditory and tactile stimuli presented at varying stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) using the method of constant stimuli. The stimuli were presented from either the same or different locations in order to explore the potential effect of redundant spatial information on audiotactile temporal perception. In Experiment 1, the auditory and tactile stimuli had to be separated by nearly 80 ms for inexperienced participants to be able to judge their temporal order accurately (i.e., for the just noticeable difference (JND) to be achieved), no matter whether the stimuli were presented from the same or different spatial positions. More experienced psychophysical observers (Experiment 2) also failed to show any effect of relative spatial position on audiotactile TOJ performance, despite having much lower JNDs (40 ms) overall. A similar pattern of results was found in Experiment 3 when silent electrocutaneous stimulation was used rather than vibrotactile stimulation. Thus, relative spatial position seems to be a less important factor in determining performance for audiotactile TOJ than for other modality pairings (e.g., audiovisual and visuotactile). 相似文献
63.
64.
Bridget A. Shore Brian A. Iwata Timothy R. Vollmer Dorothea C. Lerman Jennifer R. Zarcone 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1995,28(3):323-332
We implemented a pyramidal training procedure for staff working with individuals who exhibited self-injurious behavior (SIB), aggression, and disruption. Two adults with developmental disabilities and their direct-care staff and supervisors participated. Following successful treatment by the experimenters, two types of baselines were conducted with the clients and their direct-care staff. During an initial baseline, the staff implemented preexisting procedures. Staff members then received instruction on the new treatment procedures using training methods common throughout the institution, and data were collected during this “post-in-service” baseline. Experimenters then taught unit supervisors to implement treatment, collect and interpret data, and provide similar instructions and feedback to the staff members. The supervisor training was implemented in a multiple baseline design across subjects (clients and direct-care staff). Results showed little change following in-service training but noticeable improvements in direct-care staff behaviors and corresponding decreases in the clients' inappropriate behavior following the pyramidal training intervention with supervisors. Six additional clients (along with their direct-care staff and supervisors) participated in pre- and posttreatment replication designs, and their results provided additional support for the efficacy of the supervisor training procedures. 相似文献
65.
Previous studies have described children’s acquisition of language as reflecting either a referential or an expressive style.
A multivariate approach, characterizing “referentiality” and “expressivity” as partially dissociable dimensions, is advantageous
because it allows children to vary along one dimension as they vary along another, allowing children to have high or low degrees
of both characteristics simultaneously. The present study applies multivariate techniques to an “exploratory” sample of 87
children, all of whom were 20 months old, and by subsequently validating the exploratory phase with 56 of the original children
seen one month later. Using parental reports to assess children’s multiword productions, exploratory factor analyses revealed
two correlated dimensions of language style which indeed reflected referential and expressive characteristics. Confirmatory
factor analyses “confirmed” these factors in the test sample. This two-dimensional model of language acquisition was superior
to a unidimensional, general linguistic competence model. There is also strong short-term stability for both dimensions across
the one-month period. 相似文献
66.
In response to a series of allegations of scientific misconduct in the 1980’s, a number of scientific societies, national
agencies, and academic institutions, including Harvard Medical School, devised guidelines to increase awareness of optimal
scientific practices and to attempt to prevent as many episodes of misconduct as possible. The chief argument for adopting
guidelines is to promote good science. There is no evidence that well-crafted guidelines have had any detrimental effect on
creativity since they focus on design of research studies, documentation of research findings, assignment of credit through
authorship, data management and supervision of trainees, not on the origin and evolution of ideas. This paper addresses a
spectrum of causes of scientific misconduct or unacceptable scientific behavior and couples these with estimates of the potential
for prevention if guidelines for scientific investigation are adopted. The conclusion is that clear and understandable guidelines
should help to reduce the chance that flawed research will escape from our institutions. However, they cannot be relied upon
alone to prevent all instances of scientific misconduct and should be regarded rather as one means of bolstering the integrity
of the entire scientific enterprise. 相似文献
67.
Brian A. Iwata Gary M. Pace Michael F. Dorsey Jennifer R. Zarcone Timothy R. Vollmer Richard G. Smith Teresa A. Rodgers Dorothea C. Lerman Bridget A. Shore Jodi L. Mazaleski Han-Leong Goh Glynnis Edwards Cowdery Michael J. Kalsher Kay C. McCosh Kimberly D. Willis 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1994,27(2):215-240
Data are summarized from 152 single-subject analyses of the reinforcing functions of self-injurious behavior (SIB). Individuals with developmental disabilities referred for assessment and/or treatment over an 11-year period were exposed to a series of conditions in which the effects of antecedent and consequent events on SIB were examined systematically by way of multielement, reversal, or combined designs. Data were collected during approximately 4,000 experimental sessions (1,000 hr), with the length of assessment for individuals ranging from 8 to 66 sessions (M = 26.2) conducted over 2 to 16.5 hr (M = 6.5). Differential or uniformly high responding was observed in 145 (95.4%) of the cases. Social-negative reinforcement (escape from task demands or other sources of aversive stimulation) accounted for 58 cases, which was the largest proportion of the sample (38.1%). Social-positive reinforcement (either attention or access to food or materials) accounted for 40 (26.3%) of the cases, automatic (sensory) reinforcement accounted for 39 (25.7%), and multiple controlling variables accounted for 8 (5.3%). Seven sets of data (4.6%) showed either cyclical or inconsistent patterns of responding that were uninterpretable. Overall results indicated that functional analysis methodologies are extremely effective in identifying the environmental determinants of SIB on an individual basis and, subsequently, in guiding the process of treatment selection. Furthermore, an accumulation of assessment data from such analyses across a large number of individuals provides perhaps the most rigorous approach to an epidemiological study of behavioral function. 相似文献
68.
Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of behavioral interventions in teaching self-feeding skills as well as in reducing inappropriate self-feeding behavior. The purpose of this study was to extend previous research on the use of prompting and reinforcement in reducing unsafe eating behaviors to the treatment of an adolescent with developmental disabilities and esophageal stricture. A behavioral assessment and treatment using prompting and reinforcement were shown to be effective in decreasing bite rate, decreasing bite size, and increasing the number of chews per bite. 相似文献
69.
Person- and context-oriented definitions of age were used to predict three sets of work outcomes: work attitudes, performance ratings, and reports of developmental practices. The five age measures included employee chronological age, employee subjective age (i.e., self-perceptions of age), and social age (i.e., others' perceptions of age), as well as self- and supervisors' perceptions of the employee's relative age (i.e., compared with the employee's work group). The study assessed (a) the relationships among the age measures, (b) the additive relationships among the age measures that predicted work outcomes, and (c) the interactive relationships among the age measures that predicted work outcomes. Each prediction received some support except for (b). Furthermore, many of the age--work-outcome relationships were replicated in the managerial sample. Implications for the use of alternative age measures are discussed. 相似文献
70.
Group therapy is used to help patients deal with the painful emotional responses to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. This paper describes an ongoing group for persons with AIDS conducted for three years by the authors. Educative, supportive, and intensive psychodynamic models were combined in the group. Population characteristics, psychological issues, problems, and advantages of this group are discussed. This multi-modal approach has been found to be a useful and effective approach to the emotional problems of AIDS. 相似文献