One-year follow-up analysis of cognitive and psychological consequences among survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake

The catastrophic Wenchuan earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale occurred on May 12, 2008 in the West of the Sichuan basin in China and caused severe damage. A project was undertaken to examine the cognitive and psychological effects one year after the disaster among 2080 individuals in the local area. We evaluated the influence of gender, age, education level, and ethnic group on five aspects: work satisfaction, living satisfaction, health self-perception, psychological pressure, and psychological recovery. Male subjects had a better performance in all five aspects, which indicated that women were more affected. Subjects of different ethnic groups showed significantly different attitudes with respect to psychological pressure and psychological recovery. Significant differences for all the five aspects were also found in education level and age. The results showed that older people and those with a lower education level probably had more psychological problems. There were significant correlations between work satisfaction and living satisfaction, living satisfaction and health self-perception, living satisfaction and psychological recovery, and psychological pressure and psychosocial recovery. Living satisfaction and education level were significant predictors of psychological pressure. For psychological recovery, significant predictors were living satisfaction, age, work satisfaction, education level, and gender. The study findings indicated that government programs should provide more support for females, older people, those with a lower education level, and those in lower living conditions. Attention should be given not only to the psychological effects on each victim, but also to related issues such as work and living conditions to promote psychological wellbeing. Limitations of this study are addressed.     

Integrating physical constraints in statistical inference by 11-month-old infants

Much research on cognitive development focuses either on early-emerging domain-specific knowledge or domain-general learning mechanisms. However, little research examines how these sources of knowledge interact. Previous research suggests that young infants can make inferences from samples to populations (Xu & Garcia, 2008) and 11- to 12.5-month-old infants can integrate psychological and physical knowledge in probabilistic reasoning (Teglas, Girotto, Gonzalez, & Bonatti, 2007; Xu & Denison, 2009). Here, we ask whether infants can integrate a physical constraint of immobility into a statistical inference mechanism. Results from three experiments suggest that, first, infants were able to use domain-specific knowledge to override statistical information, reasoning that sometimes a physical constraint is more informative than probabilistic information. Second, we provide the first evidence that infants are capable of applying domain-specific knowledge in probabilistic reasoning by using a physical constraint to exclude one set of objects while computing probabilities over the remaining sets.     

Induction, overhypothesis, and the origin of abstract knowledge. Evidence from 9-month-old infants

Human cognition relies on the ability to extract generalizable knowledge from limited evidence. One type of inductive learning, overhypothesis formation, allows learners to make inferences that take them beyond the limits of direct experience, leading to the creation of abstract knowledge. The developmental roots of this ability have yet to be investigated. We report three experiments examining whether 9-month-old infants are capable of forming overhypotheses. Our results show that when given evidence about a few objects in some category, infants formed a second-order generalization about categories in general. These findings provide evidence that infants possess a powerful mechanism for inductive learning-a mechanism that may be applied to many domains and that can account for the development of many inductive biases later on.     

论张积中的三教观

自魏晋以来,儒释道三家思想并存发展成为了中国文化的显著特征之一。清末太谷学派作为流传于民间的一个学术派别,其三教观一直存在诸多争议。学派北宗传人张积中在山东肥城黄崖山聚徒讲学近十年,门人弟子遍及山左,现存遗著十九种,为太谷二传弟子中著述最多者。从张积中的三教观来看,他并非倡导三教合一,其三教观的核心是以弘扬儒家文化为基本理念,同时汲取佛道思想来完善其理论体系的太谷圣功之学,当属宋明"新儒家"思想在民间进行儒学传播的新尝试。     

英语句法意识、阅读理解监控与背景信息利用的关系

该研究使用句法错误句子更正任务、阅读理解自信度评定和阅读理解错误觉察任务、完形填空任务探查了初三学生的英语句法意识、阅读理解监控与背景信息利用的关系.被试为武汉市一所普通中学的初三学生.结果发现,英语句法意识、阅读理解自信度、阅读理解错误觉察和背景信息利用之间两两相关非常显著.英语句法意识对英语阅读理解自信度和阅读理解错误觉察有显著预测作用,英语句法意识可以直接预测背景信息利用,也可以通过英语阅读理解自信度间接预测背景信息利用.这些结果表明,英语句法意识既是阅读理解监控的一个显著预测变量,也是英语阅读中背景信息利用的一个重要预测变量.     

原发性开角型青光眼局部药物治疗的比较及决策最优化

通过对目前治疗原发性开角型青光眼局部降眼压药物的作用机制、治疗效果、不良反应、药品价格及使用方便程度进行综合的比较分析,运用比较治疗学的理论和方法来指导和规范该类青光眼局部药物治疗的临床决策,以期提高治疗效果、减少并发症、降低费用及提高患者的生存质量。     

从归因视角探讨公共物品两难中惩罚系统对合作的影响

社会两难中惩罚系统对合作的影响是当前的一个研究热点。前人研究发现惩罚系统可以促进合作,但也有学者提出惩罚系统对合作动机具有破坏作用,存在不一致结论。且这些研究大多只关注金钱惩罚而忽略了社会惩罚。本文采用2(惩罚类型:金钱,社会)×2(惩罚频率:高,低)×2(阶段:有惩罚,无惩罚)混合设计,利用"惩罚撤除"实验范式,比较了社会高低频惩罚和金钱高低频惩罚对合作、归因以及预期的影响。并探讨了合作、归因、预期之间的相互关系,结果发现:(1)金钱和社会惩罚均可提高被试合作水平;(2)金钱高频惩罚减少了对合作行为的内归因,惩罚撤除后合作行为下降,而低频惩罚没有出现下降效应;(3)社会惩罚增加了对合作的内归因,高低频惩罚在移除之后均保持较高水平,且之前的惩罚频率越高,保持效果越好;(4)合作、预期与内归因正相关,外归因负相关,同时合作与预期正相关。     

六十年来中国人伦理关系变化的客观条件

60年来中国的伦理学有了长足的发展.广大伦理学工作者做了大量开拓性的工作,研究成果非常丰厚,对整个社会的道德建设、文明建设做了卓有成效的贡献.社会的变化也为伦理学的研究提供了丰富的资源.关注这些资源,将为伦理学的研究带来新的突破.     

论布兰顿之规范性实践概念

布兰顿（R．Brandom）的规范性实践概念有三项主要内涵：（1）默会地遵行实践传统孕育的“隐性规则”是遵从具有明确阐释的“显性规则”的前提;（2）规范性意涵独立于因果性,是基于意向性之主客体不同方面的模态关系的差异,不可相互取代;（3）那些作为默会信念的“隐性规则”本质上并不是迥异于“显性规则”的东西,它们仍以话语推论关系为范型,仍需具备概念阐释的可能性。特纳（S．Turner）和劳斯（J．ROUSe）分别从“还原论的”与“非还原论的”自然主义立场批评布兰顿的观点。对这些批评的回应将会表明,为什么上述三项意涵对规范性实践概念而言是同时必要的。     

美国残障人士自我决定研究及对我国的启示

自我决定能力被认为是残障学生课程和学习指导的核心组成要素之一,培养自我决定能力的发展是促进残障学生在毕业后获得更好发展的一种教学策略。相关研究美国已成体系而国内始露头角。本研究阅读美国残障人士自我决定相关文献并进行以下五个方面的分析:自我决定概念起源与发展、相关政策法规、理论模型、教学模型、教育教学实践。根据文献分析美国自我决定研究的发展趋势,并思考在我国促进残障人士自我决定能力发展的可能性与必要性,且提出四点建议。