The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins     

Thomas W. Martin 《Dialog》2009,48(2):209-212

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David Jendryczko;Fridtjof W. Nussbeck; 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2024,77(1):1-30

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Laura Parks-Leduc;Susan L. Dustin;Gang Wang;Taylor W. Parks; 《Psychologie appliquee》2024,73(4):2263-2292

Does the configuration of personal values in teams matter to team performance? Drawing from research on team composition and personal values, we conduct two studies in an effort to answer this question. In Study 1, we develop a shorter and more reliable instrument to measure personal values, the Variable Length Values Inventory (VLVI), which is unique in that the overall length of the scale can be varied; the instrument can be as short as 26 items or as long as 60 items, depending on the research question(s) of interest. In Study 2, we utilize the VLVI to test the impact of team members' values (i.e., benevolence and achievement values) on team performance. Results from 48 teams demonstrated that team member benevolence values and achievement values were related to team performance. Additionally, the achievement values of the team leader impacted performance above and beyond the influence of other team members' values. Study 2 contributes to our understanding of team composition by examining the personal values of team members and the team leader.  相似文献   

    

Sharon Geva;Aparna Hoskote;Maneet Saini;Christopher A. Clark;Tina Banks;W. K. Kling Chong;Torsten Baldeweg;Michelle de Haan;Faraneh Vargha-Khadem; 《Developmental science》2024,27(4):e13501

Hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) can result in structural brain abnormalities, which in turn can lead to behavioural deficits in various cognitive and motor domains, in both adult and paediatric populations. Cardiorespiratory arrest (CA) is a major cause of hypoxia-ischaemia in adults, but it is relatively rare in infants and children. While the effects of adult CA on brain and cognition have been widely studied, to date, there are no studies examining the neurodevelopmental outcome of children who suffered CA early in life. Here, we studied the long-term outcome of 28 children who suffered early CA (i.e., before age 16). They were compared to a group of control participants (n = 28) matched for age, sex and socio-economic status. The patient group had impairments in the domains of memory, language and academic attainment (measured using standardised tests). Individual scores within the impaired range were most commonly found within the memory domain (79%), followed by academic attainment (50%), and language (36%). The patient group also had reduced whole brain grey matter volume, and reduced volume and fractional anisotropy of the white matter. In addition, lower performance on memory tests was correlated with bilaterally reduced volume of the hippocampi, thalami, and striatum, while lower attainment scores were correlated with bilateral reduction of fractional anisotropy in the superior cerebellar peduncle, the main output tract of the cerebellum. We conclude that patients who suffered early CA are at risk of developing specific cognitive deficits associated with structural brain abnormalities.  相似文献   

    

Megan R. Heinicke  Jordan T. Stiede  Raymond G. Miltenberger  Douglas W. Woods 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(3):1225-1236

Habit reversal training (HRT) has been a mainstay of behavior analysts' repertoire for nearly the last 50 years. HRT has been effective in treating a host of repetitive behavior problems. In the face of the current coronavirus pandemic, HRT has practical public health importance as a possible intervention for reducing hand-to-head behaviors that increase the risk of viral infection. The current paper provides a brief review of HRT for hand-to-head habits that is designed for a broad audience and concludes with practical suggestions, based on HRT, for reducing face-touching behaviors.  相似文献   

    

Matthew J. W. McLarnon  Mitchell G. Rothstein  Gillian A. King 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2020,57(3):115-129

This study investigated self-regulation and resiliency in one's search for reemployment. Although trait-based approaches are central to many resiliency conceptualizations, recent research has found that self-regulation (affective, behavioral, and cognitive) contributes to predicting resiliency-related outcomes. We hypothesized that self-regulation would incrementally predict reemployment process outcomes, specifically the job search outcomes of psychological well-being, job search self-efficacy, and job search clarity. Results indicated that, over and above resiliency traits, behavioral and cognitive self-regulation incrementally predicted well-being and job search clarity, and cognitive self-regulation incrementally predicted job search self-efficacy. Implications for theory and continued research on resiliency in reemployment are discussed.  相似文献   

    

Jinkyung Na  Igor Grossmann  Michael E. W. Varnum  Mayumi Karasawa  Youngwon Cho  Shinobu Kitayama  Richard E. Nisbett 《Journal of personality》2020,88(5):908-924

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Brian D. Greer  Wayne W. Fisher  Billie J. Retzlaff  Ashley M. Fuhrman 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2020,113(1):251-262

Quantitative models of resurgence (e.g., Behavioral Momentum Theory, Resurgence as Choice) suggest that resurgence is partly a function of the duration of extinction exposure, with longer histories of extinction producing less resurgence. This prediction is supported by some laboratory research and has been partially supported by clinical translations that did not isolate the effects of extinction exposure prior to testing for resurgence. The degree to which different histories of extinction impact the likelihood of treatment relapse in therapeutic applications of differential reinforcement is of great interest to the clinical community, including insurance carriers and other financial providers. In the present study, we isolated the effects of extinction history for severe destructive behavior across 6 participants referred for treatment services and examined resurgence of destructive behavior when alternative reinforcement terminated. Our within-subject evaluation showed no difference in the level of resurgence or persistence of destructive behavior following short and long exposures to differential reinforcement with extinction. We discuss our failure to replicate in relation to experimental-design considerations for investigating this and other relapse phenomena in future research with clinical populations.  相似文献   

    

Elena Spiridon  Linda K. Kaye  Rod I. Nicolson  Heather J. Ransom  Angel J. Y. Tan  Bryan W. X. Tang 《Journal of applied social psychology》2020,50(7):394-405

Peer Mentoring schemes tend to be developed as retention strategies, however, they can also serve other purposes (psychosocial or career-related). However, evidence of the effectiveness of these presents mixed results and less is known about the horizontal peer support schemes which may help students capitalize on existing peer relationships. We developed an integrated learning communities (ILC) peer support scheme, building on the theoretical principles of social identity theory, which we embedded within our existing teaching framework and designed functional activities. Collective activities were undertaken to promote the processes of social identity with the intention that these may foster social and academic integration experiences. This intervention was undertaken with an entire cohort of first year undergraduate psychology students. We conducted semi-structured interviews with a self-selected sample of these students (N = 17). Thematic analysis revealed two main themes, each with two sub-themes. These were: “Divergent Experiences” with the sub-themes of “dependent on people” and “types of support”, and “Good idea in principle” with the sub-themes of “Theory ≠ Practice” and “Dependent on student engagement”. Although identifying with a peer group was not transparent in the interviews, the existence of a peer support scheme was perceived positively by students which might explain the success of the newly developed student-led Psychology Society. Indeed, this Psychology Society can provide a lasting framework for further amplification of the student voice. We conclude that our embedded ILC was both feasible and potentially valuable, but it is crucial for the peer support approach to have transactional significance.  相似文献   

    

James W. Roberts  Lawrence E. M. Grierson 《Journal of motor behavior》2020,52(6):713-722

Abstract

Early aiming adjustments following an online perturbation are made possible by impulse control. This process may unfold even earlier when perturbations impose a greater risk of a costly overshoot error. Participants executed upward and downward aims to mediate the cost of potential errors—downward overshoots require more energy to correct against gravity. On 33% of the trials, texture elements on the aiming surface were shifted following onset to appear congruent or incongruent with the aiming direction, and consequently generate a misperception of the limb moving slower or faster, respectively. Thus, the risk of potential errors could be influenced by the online perturbation (e.g., increased perceived likelihood of overshooting following the incongruent background). Findings indicated greater undershooting for down compared to up, which reflects the principle of movement optimisation. There was also more undershooting for an incongruent compared to congruent background, which is consistent with early online adjustments counter-acting the misperceived limb velocity. However, there were no interactions throughout the movement trajectory. We suggest that while the initial pre-programme considers the cost of potential errors (target direction), early impulse control fails to discriminate the likelihood of these errors occurring following an online perturbation (moving background).  相似文献