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111.
Romanians suffered incredible deprivations of every sort during the decades of Communist dictatorship. Most of the country’s
1,000 psychiatrists, and most of their patients, were victimized by the political system. A few psychiatrists actively engaged
in practices amounting to torture. Many, however, became willing or unwilling participants in the political abuse of their
profession.
Such political abuses were fostered by abusive legislation and abusive law enforcement by the secret police. Abuses included:
mass detentions in psychiatric hospitals of dissidents and political undesirables; abusive interpretation of the laws in detaining
persons not suffering from mental illness; false, politically motivated diagnoses and treatment; and detention in secret facilities.
While there are honest efforts to come to grips with the past, to compensate victims of psychiatric abuse, and to institute
proceedings against abusers, there is also much resistance to reform. Reform-minded Romanian psychiatrists deserve the support
of their western colleagues in the effort to restore Romanian psychiatry. In particular, professional colleagues all over
the world are asked to comment on the draft law currently pending before the Romanian parliament, which is intended to restore
the rule of law to the practice of psychiatry in Romania.
Report of a consultative mission to Bucharest, on behalf of the Geneva Initiave on Psychiatry, 7 June to 12 June 1992, by
Nanci Adler, Historian-Sovietologist, Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; G.O.W. Mueller, Distinguished
Professor of Criminal Justice, Rutgers — The State University of New Jersey, U.S.A.; Mohammed Ayat, Professor of Criminology
and Penal Law, Université de Fes, Faculté des Sciences Juridiques, Economiques et Sociales, FEs, Morocco.
The Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry is a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization, dedicated to the introduction and preservation
of ethical practices in the psychiatric profession, in accordance with medical ethics, the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, and U.N. standards and guidelines. Headquartered in Amsterdam, the organization is currently providing technical and
financial assistance to the newly established free, independent, democratic psychiatric associations in Russia, Ukraine, Romania,
and other countries. The General Secretary of the organization is Robert van Voren; the board is composed of professionals
from some twenty countries.
This article was based on meetings at governmental and parliamentary offices, nongovernmental organizations, and embassies
as well psychiatric institutions with, among others, the following persons: Dr. Lucian Alexandrescu, V-P Radu Ciuceanu, Mr.
Comsa, Proc. Gen’l. Ulpiu Cereceanu, Mr. Nistor Cristea, Mr. Dinu Ianculescu, Prof. Dr. George Ionescu, Miss Cristina Luzoscu,
Dr. Zaharia Nicolae, Mr. Iancu Petrescu, Dr. Dan Prelipcianu, Min. Mircea Ionescu-Quintus, Dr. Aurel Romila, Av. Nicolae Stefanescu-Draganesti,
Dir. Dr. Tomescu, Dr. Alexandru Trifan, Dr. Valeriu Tuculescu, and numerous victims, diplomats, and Romanian citizens. 相似文献
112.
Depression in some patients with spinal cord injuries may be clinically significant and, when present, should be treated to
decrease morbidity including decreased physical functioning. Depression associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) may be misevaluated,
due to (1) nonspecific multifactorial production of depression symptoms and (2) SCI-specific decrease in somatic sensory central
nervous system input. The Somatic Suppression Hypothesis suggests that SCI patients have difficulty experiencing any intense
emotion because of suppression of physiological arousal. In addition, cognitive processes that may reduce depression in SCI
patients include: (1) attribution of somatic symptoms of depression to medical (biological) causes, (2) realistic, positive
expectations for physical improvement, and (3) the perception that the disability of the SCI is only minimally related to
the patient’s self-care after complete evaluation. Health personnel should accept lack of depression in SCI, and should encourage
positive realistic expectations of recovery. 相似文献
113.
Increases in self-attention as a function of decreases in the relative size of one’s subgroup in a heterogeneous group context
have been shown to result in increased regulation of behavior toward social (normative) standards for behavior. The present
study demonstrated increased regulation of behavior toward a personal standard for behavior as a function of variations in
group composition. One hundred twenty-five subjects individually completed the Creativity subscale of Scott’s Personal Value
Scale assessing attitudes toward originality. They then completed a word-association task in groups ranging in size from 2
to 8. Originality of word-associations was determined by reference to previously established word-association norms and norms
based on frequency of responses given in the present study. Results indicate that originality in responses increase as the
relative size of one’s own subgroup decreases (indexing increases in self-attention) for subjects who value originality. Discussion
centers on the distinction between experimentally manipulated public and private self-attention and standards that are adopted
for behavioral self-regulation.
Portions of this study were presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, April 1991. 相似文献
114.
The disambiguation of threat/neutral homophones was investigated in high- and low-trait anxiety subjects who had been exposed
to either a positive or a negative mood manipulation procedure. Subjects were required first to spell each auditorily presented
word and second, to generate and speak a sentence using the word. Difference indices were calculated for the spelling and
the sentence usage data, i.e. the number of threat minus neutral interpretations. Examination of these indices revealed that
subjects exposed to the negative mood manipulation procedure produced relatively more threat than neutral interpretations
(for both spelling and sentence usage) than did subjects exposed to the positive mood manipulation procedure. Multiple regression
analyses revealed that both the trait anxiety and mood manipulation variables contributed significantly to the prediction
of the difference index on the spelling task. In the analysis of the use of homophones in sentences, only the mood manipulation
variable contributed significantly to the prediction of the difference index on the sentence usage task. 相似文献
115.
This study investigated the psychological and physical health status of 265 crew members on two U.S. Navy ships (a guided
missile cruiser and a frigate on convoy escort duty for tankers under U.S. flag) during the Persian Gulf conflict at four
time periods during combat-ready operations on a single day. Findings suggest that adaptation occurs to extreme stressors
associated with sustained operations. Suggestions are made relative to measures that may minimize psychological and physical
conditions that adversely affect performance under conditions of heavy stress.
Report No. 89-18, supported by the Naval Medical Research and Development Command, Bethesda MD, Department of the Navy, under
research Work Unit No. 63206N.M0096. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official
policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the U.S. Government. 相似文献
116.
Delay-reduction theory states that the effectiveness of a stimulus as a conditioned reinforcer may be predicted most accurately by the reduction in time to primary reinforcement correlated with its onset. We review support for the theory and then discuss two new types of experiments that assess it. One compares models of choice in situations wherein the less preferred outcome is made more accessible; the other investigates whether frequency of conditioned reinforcement affects choice beyond the effect exerted by frequency of primary reinforcement. 相似文献
117.
Unit price as a useful metric in analyzing effects of reinforcer magnitude. 总被引:7,自引:6,他引:1
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R J DeGrandpre W K Bickel J R Hughes M P Layng G Badger 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1993,60(3):641-666
In this paper, we applied the behavioral-economic concept of unit price to the study of reinforcer magnitude in an attempt to provide a consistent account of the effects of reinforcer magnitude on behavior. Recent research in the experimental analysis of behavior and in behavioral pharmacology suggests that reinforcer magnitude interacts with the schedule of reinforcement to determine response rate and total consumption. The utility of the unit-price concept thus stems from its ability to quantify this interaction as a cost-benefit ratio (i.e., unit price = characteristics of the schedule of reinforcement divided by magnitude of reinforcement). Research employing the unit-price concept has shown that as unit price increases, a positively decelerating function exists for consumption (i.e., a function with an increasingly negative slope, when plotted on log coordinates) and a bitonic function exists for response rate. Based on these findings, the present analysis applied the unit-price concept to those studies of reinforcer magnitude and drug self-administration that examined the effects of reinforcer magnitude on response rate using simple schedules of reinforcement (e.g., fixed-ratio schedule). This resulted in three findings: (a) Reinforcer-magnitude manipulations and schedule manipulations interact in a manner that can be quantified in terms of unit price as benefit and cost factors, respectively; (b) different reinforcer-magnitude manipulations are functionally interchangeable as benefit factors in the unit-price ratio; and (c) these conclusions appear warranted despite the differences in reinforcers (food or drug), species (dogs, monkeys, or rats), and schedules (interval or ratio), and despite the fact that these studies were not designed for a unit-price analysis. In methodological terms, these results provide further evidence that employing the unit-price concept is a parsimonious method for examining the effects of reinforcer magnitude. In theoretical terms, these results suggest that a single process may underlie the effect of combined reinforcer-magnitude and schedule manipulations. 相似文献
118.
TEMPORAL CONTROL ON INTERVAL SCHEDULES: WHAT DETERMINES THE POSTREINFORCEMENT PAUSE? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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N K Innis S K Mitchell J E Staddon 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1993,60(2):293-311
On fixed-interval or response-initiated delay schedules of reinforcement, the average pause following food presentation is proportional to the interfood interval. Moreover, when a number of intervals of different durations occur in a programmed cyclic series, postreinforcement pauses track the changes in interval value. What controls the duration of postreinforcement pauses under these conditions? Staddon, Wynne, and Higa (1991), in their linear waiting model, propose control by the preceding interfood interval. Another possibility is that delay to reinforcement, signaled by a key peck and/or stimulus change, determines the subsequent pause. The experiments reported here examined the role of these two possible time markers by studying the performance of pigeons under a chained cyclic fixed-interval procedure. The data support the linear waiting model, but suggest that more than the immediately preceding interfood interval plays a role in temporal control. 相似文献
119.
Schedule-induced defecation by rats during ratio and interval schedules of food reinforcement.
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Lever pressing in rats was maintained by continuous and intermittent schedules of food while defecation was monitored. In Experiment 1, reinforcement densities were matched across variable-ratio and variable-interval schedules for three pairs of rats. Defecation occurred in all 3 rats on the variable-ratio schedule and in all 3 rats on the yoked variable-interval schedule. In Experiment 2, fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules with similar reinforcement densities maintained lever pressing. Defecation occurred in 3 of 4 rats on the fixed-ratio schedule and in 4 of 4 rats on the fixed-interval schedule. Almost no defecation occurred during continuous reinforcement in either experiment. These results demonstrate that defecation may occur during both ratio and interval schedules and that the inter-reinforcement interval is more important than the behavioral requirements of the schedule in generating schedule-induced defecation. 相似文献
120.
Choice between delayed reinforcers and fixed-ratio schedules requiring forceful responding. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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This experiment measured pigeons' choices between delayed reinforcers and fixed-ratio schedules in which a force of approximately 0.48 N was needed to operate the response key. In ratio-delay conditions, subjects chose between a fixed-ratio schedule and an adjusting delay. The delay was increased or decreased several times a session in order to estimate an indifference point--a delay duration at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. Each ratio-delay condition was followed by a delay-delay condition in which subjects chose between the adjusting delay and a variable-time schedule, with the components of this schedule selected to match the ratio completion times of the preceding ratio-delay condition. The adjusting delays at the indifference point were longer when the alternative was a fixed-ratio schedule than when it was a matched variable-time schedule, which indicated a preference for the matched variable-time schedules over the fixed-ratio schedules. This preference increased in a nonlinear manner with increasing ratio size. This nonlinearity was inconsistent with a theory that states that indifference points for both time and ratio schedules can be predicted by multiplying the choice response-reinforcer intervals of the two types of schedules by different multiplicative constants. Two other theories, which predict nonlinear increases in preference for the matched variable-time schedules, are discussed. 相似文献