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11.
Shigeru Hagiwara 《The Japanese psychological research》1998,40(4):221-233
Beginning with a brief review of issues regarding the effects of television on viewers in Japan, this paper examines how foreign programming and features relating to other countries are utilized on terrestrial television, the most influential of the mass media today. Foreign cultures are introduced either through importation of programs from abroad or through indigenous programs dealing with such topics. An overview of the changing role of imported programs emphasizes comparison of the public and commercial networks. News reporting and commercials are highlighted in a discussion of the treatment of foreign cultures in indigenous programs. Survey results show that Japanese people are favorably disposed toward foreign program imports, suggesting that the major reason for the failure of imported programs to flourish in Japan is the strong competition offered by domestic productions, not xenophobic attitudes on the part of viewers. I also consider the distinguishing characteristics of television and the cinema in order to explain the popularity of films as opposed to television dramas from abroad. In conclusion, studies that examine the effects of television on viewers' perceptions of foreign cultures are presented to suggest the importance of analyzing images of foreign cultures as depicted in programs that are domestically produced, rather than analyzing those that are imported. 相似文献
12.
Mushiaki S 《Journal international de bioéthique》2011,22(1):91-7, 210-1
Nanotechnologies are often said to be "converging" with other technologies like biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive science. And so-called "NBIC convergence" is thought to enable "enhancement" of human performance. First, I classify various kinds of enhancement. Second, I focus on the "cybernetic enhancement," to which nanotechnologies are supposed to contribute, and analyze the connection and integration of humans with machines, which could lead to the cyborgization of human beings. Third, I examine the portrayal of robot/cyborg technology in Japanese popular media, point out the tendency to empathy or ensoulment concerning robots/cyborgs, and raise the question of "ethical issues of ethical enhancement." Fourth, I compare nanotechnologies with neurotechnology and criticize the hype of "converging technologies." 相似文献
13.
The ability to discriminate the physical states of others could be an adaptive behavior, especially for social animals. For example, the ability to discriminate illness behavior would be helpful for avoiding spoiled foods. We report on an experiment with Japanese quails testing whether these birds can discriminate the physical states of conspecifics. The quails were trained to discriminate between moving video images of quails injected with psychoactive drugs and those in a normal (not injected) condition. Methamphetamine (stimulant) or ketamine (anesthetic) were used to produce drug-induced behaviors in conspecifics. The former induced hyperactive behavior and the latter hypoactive behavior. The subject quails could learn the discrimination and showed generalization to novel images of the drug-induced behaviors. They did not, however, show discriminative behavior according to the type and dosage of the drugs. Thus, they categorized the behavior not on the basis of degree of activity, but on the basis of abnormality. 相似文献
14.
The purpose of the present study is to examine the applicability of a computer-generated, virtual animal to study animal cognition. Pigeons were trained to discriminate between movies of a real pigeon and a rat. Then, they were tested with movies of the computer-generated (CG) pigeon. Subjects showed generalization to the CG pigeon, however, they also responded to modified versions in which the CG pigeon was showing impossible movement, namely hopping and walking without its head bobbing. Hence, the pigeons did not attend to these particular details of the display. When they were trained to discriminate between the normal and the modified version of the CG pigeon, they were able to learn the discrimination. The results of an additional partial occlusion test suggest that the subjects used head movement as a cue for the usual vs. unusual CG pigeon discrimination.This contribution is part of the special issue ‘Animal Logics’ (Watanabe and Huber 2006) 相似文献
15.
The understanding of physical causality in common marmosets was tested using support problems in which a pair of sheets was
presented to determine whether subjects would choose the sheet that had a food item on it (i.e., the sheet was supporting
the food item). In two experiments, the conditions were manipulated in terms of the length of the sheet, the distance between
the sheet and the food item, the presence of a gap separating the two sheets, and the size of the food item. In Experiment
1, the marmosets had difficulty rejecting an irretrievable food item when it was located closer to them than a retrievable
item. Although their performance was strongly affected by the size of the irretrievable food item, they quickly learned to
reject that alternative. In contrast, no improvement was found when one sheet was divided into two pieces such that the food
item could not be retrieved when its near side was pulled. A similar response tendency was observed in Experiment 2, in which
the effects of the large food item were examined in three different conditions. Thus, common marmosets were influenced by
the perceptual features of the food in solving the support problems, as are other non-human primates. In addition, they consistently
failed to appreciate the presence of a gap and, therefore, failed to reject the distracter alternative. However, all animals
rapidly learned that the size of the food item was an irrelevant variable, and some showed an elementary conceptual understanding
of support. These findings suggest that marmosets’ physical understanding may improve with experience. 相似文献
16.
Inter- and intra-modal matching by right hand preferred Norwegian adults were tested using a matching task. The task required
them to locate target pins visually, proprioceptively or in combination, while matching was always carried out without vision.
When combined scores for both hands were analysed, the females showed superior performance in the intra-modal matching condition.
For both groups, when the scores for the two hands were treated separately, superior performance was obtained in using the
right hand to match under the visual condition. The only significant sex difference relative to hand preference was that the
females matched the target more accurately with the right hand in the intra-modal matching condition. These findings are discussed
relative to inter-hemispheric processing 相似文献
17.
Tadasu Oyama Tadashi Kikuchi Shigeru Ichihara 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1981,29(2):106-112
A test pattern consisting of 0 to 15 dots and a following random dot masking pattern were presented for 5 msec each with SOAs varying between 30 and 200 msec. The subject was asked to report the perceived number of dots in the test pattern as soon as possible and to assign a confidence rating to each report. The span of attention (upper limit for 50% correct numerosity judgments) increased from 2.4 to 9.5 as the SOA increased. Backward masking reduced the reported number of dots from the actual number in the test pattern, especially with small SOAs. Reaction time increased linearly at a low rate (approximately 40 msec/dot) up to 4 dots in the test pattern and then increased linearly at a high rate (approximately 370 msec/dot) as thereported, orperceived, number of dots increased. The two different branches of the reaction time curve were considered to represent two separate processes,subitizing andcounting, as suggested by Klahr (1973), who found similar dual increase rates as a function of the actual number of dots. These findings, as well as causal inference based on partial correlations and path analysis, indicated that the reported (perceived) number of dots and confidence rating were both determined by the number of stimulus dots and the SOA and that the reaction time was determined by the so-determined perceived number of dots and level of confidence. A multistage model is proposed. 相似文献
18.
Watanabe S 《Animal cognition》2011,14(6):797-808
Birds have visual cognition as well developed as humans. Sometimes, the birds show visual discrimination similar to humans,
but the birds may use different cues. Previous reports suggest that global configuration cues are salient for humans, whereas
local elemental cues are salient for pigeons. I analyzed the discriminative behavior of pigeons with scrambled images because
scrambled images keep the local elemental cues of the original images but lose the global configuration cues. If pigeons use
local elemental cues, then, they should show transfer of discrimination from the original images to their scrambled images
and also transfer from the scrambled images to their original images. In Experiment I, I trained pigeons on painting style
discrimination (Japanese paintings vs. Western impressionist paintings) using either the original or scrambled images and
found that the pigeons showed bidirectional transfer. In Experiment II, I trained pigeons on discrimination of “good” versus
“bad” paintings using children’s paintings. The birds showed poor transfer from the original images to their scrambled images
and vise versa. Thus, the pigeons discriminated good and bad paintings based mostly on global configuration cues in this case.
These results suggest that the pigeons use different cues for different discriminations. 相似文献
19.
Research shows that the time that is spent perceiving a brief visual stimulus is experienced as increasing as the size of
the stimulus increases. We examined whether the experienced duration of time that is spent attending the perception of an
empty interval—demarcated by the offset of one marker and the onset of a second marker— depends on the size of the markers
themselves. Previous theories predict that the perceived time that is spent viewing offset-to-onset intervals decreases as
the size of the markers increases, and that the perceived time that is spent viewing the markers increases. We demonstrated
that empty intervals between the presentations of large markers were perceived to be longer in duration than those occurring
between the presentations of small markers, and that the second marker was critical to this effect of physical size on apparent
duration. We report that the size effect disappeared when the interval was filled with the presentation of a circle, and we
conclude that the intensity of the second marker altered perceptions in an empty-interval-specific manner. 相似文献
20.
The participants in this study discriminated the position of tactile target stimuli presented at the tip or the base of the
forefinger of one of the participants’ hands, while ignoring visual distractor stimuli. The visual distractor stimuli were
presented from two circles on a display aligned with the tactile targets in Experiment 1 or orthogonal to them in Experiment
2. Tactile discrimination performance was slower and less accurate when the visual distractor stimuli were presented from
incongruent locations relative to the tactile target stimuli (e.g., tactile target at the base of the finger with top visual
distractor) highlighting a cross-modal congruency effect. We examined whether the presence and orientation of a simple line
drawing of a hand, which was superimposed on the visual distractor stimuli, would modulate the cross-modal congruency effects.
When the tactile targets and the visual distractors were spatially aligned, the modulatory effects of the hand picture were
small (Experiment 1). However, when they were spatially misaligned, the effects were much larger, and the direction of the
cross-modal congruency effects changed in accordance with the orientation of the picture of the hand, as if the hand picture
corresponded to the participants’ own stimulated hand (Experiment 2). The results suggest that the two-dimensional picture
of a hand can modulate processes maintaining our internal body representation. We also observed that the cross-modal congruency
effects were influenced by the postures of the stimulated and the responding hands. These results reveal the complex nature
of spatial interactions among vision, touch, and proprioception. 相似文献