两种认同共存下集体自我的趋向

采用新的研究范式,探讨长期认同和短期认同同时存在条件下的社会认同与群体参照效应,并通过二者的比较来考察两种认同共存下集体自我的趋向。结果表明：在社会身份长期认同和短期认同同时存在的条件下,社会认同与群体参照效应的变化一致,均没有向内群体取向;集体自我对共存的两种认同条件均有趋向;同时验证了文化背景对个体集体自我的影响。     

政府改革之历史足迹与成长逻辑——基于历史坐标中的两种信任理论之考量

公共行政学自其诞生以来的百余年间,对于政府本身的定位经过了多次变化。我国行政伦理学家张康之教授从历史的宏观视野对政府的历史坐标进行了深入考察,提出了统治型政府、管理型政府和服务型政府的划分,与此相对应地提出了习俗型信任、契约型信任和合作型信任三种信任类型,为考察政府改革的历史足迹与成长逻辑提供了一种新的分析框架。公共行政学视域下的政府改革理论,从一开始就蕴含着市场运作逻辑和企业管理思想,20世纪六七十年代开始的新公共管理改革运动则将公共行政学的这一传统发挥到了极致。市场化政府改革将市场逻辑和经济人思维带进了政府,形成了一种基于契约化之上的管理型政府模式。基于理性而建立起来的契约型信任本身的脆弱性,决定了政府市场化改革的危机结果。非政府组织的出现以及新市民社会的成长,意味着一种网络式的社会治理和通过广泛的合作而进行的合作治理模式的到来。信任是合作的前提,合作治理模式的建构必须以合作型信任的建立为基础。未来的政府改革应该适应后工业社会的发展趋势,从基于契约型信任的市场化取向中解放出来,迈向多元治理主体本着公平参与、充满合作型信任以及基于善的完美生活追求的合作型治理模式。     

Initial morphological learning in preverbal infants

How do children learn the internal structure of inflected words? We hypothesized that bound functional morphemes begin to be encoded at the preverbal stage, driven by their frequent occurrence with highly variable roots, and that infants in turn use these morphemes to interpret other words with the same inflections. Using a preferential looking procedure, we showed that French-learning 11-month-olds encoded the frequent French functor /e/, and perceived bare roots and their inflected variants as related forms. In another experiment an added training phase presented an artificial suffix co-occurring with many pseudo-roots. Infants learned the new suffix and used it to interpret novel affixed words that never occurred during the training. These findings demonstrate that initial learning of sub-lexical functors and morphological alternations is frequency-based, without relying on word meaning.     

Childhood Maltreatment and Prospectively Observed Quality of Early Care as Predictors of Antisocial Personality Disorder Features

Few studies have evaluated the separate contributions of maltreatment and ongoing quality of parent-child interaction to the etiology of antisocial personality features using a prospective longitudinal design. 120 low-income young adults (aged 18-23) were assessed for extent of ASPD features on the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis-Axis II, for presence of maltreatment on the Conflict Tactics Scale, Traumatic Experiences Scale, and Adult Attachment Interview, and for referral in infancy to parent-infant clinical services. Fifty-six of these families had been studied longitudinally since the first year of life. In infancy, attachment disorganization and disrupted mother-infant interaction were assessed; in middle childhood, disorganized-controlling attachment behaviors were reliably rated. In kindergarten and second grade, behavior problems were assessed by teacher report. In cross-sectional analyses, maltreatment was significantly associated with ASPD features but did not account for the independent effect of early referral to parent-infant services on ASPD features. In longitudinal analyses, maternal withdrawal in infancy predicted the extent of ASPD features twenty years later, independently of childhood abuse. In middle childhood, disorganized attachment behavior and maladaptive behavior at school added to prediction of later ASPD features. Antisocial features in young adulthood have precursors in the minute-to-minute process of parent-child interaction beginning in infancy.     

AMO理论框架下玩兴氛围对员工绩效的促进机制

玩兴氛围是指工作场所中充满愉快和幽默的氛围,是组织行为学研究领域的新兴现象。通过对相关研究进行梳理,研究从创新绩效、任务绩效和关系绩效三个方面分析了玩兴氛围对员工工作绩效的促进作用。同时,以AMO理论为框架,剖析了玩兴氛围在能力(认知能力、情绪智力)、动机(情感体验、工作投入)和机会(工作设计、社会网络)层面对员工绩效的促进机制。最后,提出未来研究可以进一步开发玩兴氛围量表,考察影响玩兴氛围后效的边界条件,探讨玩兴氛围的消极影响。     

选择性注意对行人觉察有声信号灯的影响

为考察选择性注意如何影响行人整合交通信号中的多感觉加工优势,研究采用线索—靶子范式,操控交通信号类型(视觉/传统视觉信号灯、听觉、视听觉/有声信号灯)和信号呈现位置(线索化位置、非线索化位置)两个变量,分析被试对视觉、听觉、视听觉三类刺激的反应时和正确率,并通过对相对多感觉反应增强值(rMRE)和竞争模型(race model)的计算,对多感觉加工优势效应进行量化。结果发现:有声信号灯能够产生多感觉加工优势,选择性注意会减弱有声信号灯的多感觉加工优势。该研究结果为有声信号灯的设置提供了理论依据,且提示应当避免在环境中设置容易引起行人选择性注意的设施。     

Proposition, definition and inference in ancient Chinese philosophy

This article attempts to explore ancient Chinese philosophical thought by analyzing how pioneering Chinese thinkers made judgments and inferences, and compares it to ancient Greek philosophy. It first addresses the starting-point and the object of cognition in Chinese ancient philosophy, then analyses how early thinkers construed definition and proposition, and finally discusses how they made inferences on the basis of definition and proposition. It points out that categorization is an important methodology in ancient Chinese philosophy, and that rectification of names and the doctrine of the mean are key criteria in making judgments.     

直觉和分析在不同任务条件下的逃生决策效果

目的：探讨针对简单和复杂逃生任务时, 直觉和分析在不同判断依据条件下的逃生决策效果。方法：采用两个主实验和两个预备实验。实验一和实验二的被试人数分别为：85人和87人。两个主实验均采取2 (思维方式：直觉和分析) × 2 (判断依据：简单和复杂)组间实验设计。主要结果：(1)针对简单逃生任务, 直觉组和分析组在不同判断依据条件下的逃生决策效果差异不明显; (2)针对复杂逃生任务, 在简单判断依据条件下分析决策优于直觉决策; 在复杂判断依据条件下直觉决策优于分析决策。主要结论：直觉性和分析性逃生决策的效果主要与决策任务的复杂程度有关, 而与判断依据的复杂程度关系不大。     

High-strength and anti-corrosion of Al-Cu-Mg alloy by controlled ageing process

ABSTRACT

The evolution of strength and corrosion behaviour induced by ageing treatment in Al-Cu-Mg alloy is poorly understood. In this work, correlations among strength, intergranular corrosion and pitting corrosion induced by precipitates were studied by various corrosion performance tests and hardness tests. The susceptibility of intergranular corrosion is decreased and pitting corrosion sensitivity is increased as the ageing temperature and time are increased. Retrogression and re-ageing treatments not only transform the size of the intragranular precipitates from greater than 500?nm to be less than 10?nm but also lead to the discontinuous distribution of grain boundary precipitates. The microstructural changes in the grain interior and grain boundary together promote the Al-Cu-Mg alloys to have high-strength and excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion and pitting corrosion.     

Hot isostatic pressing of bulk magnesium diboride: Mechanical and superconducting properties

Hot isostatic pressing with glass encapsulation (pressure, 200MPa; temperature, 1000C over 200min; cooling under pressure) was used to synthesize bulk MgB 2 with diameters up to 20mm and thicknesses up to 10mm from MgB 2 powder. A sharp superconducting transition was measured at 38.5K. This method can be scaled to larger sample sizes and complex shapes. The data for density, microhardness, fracture toughness and sound speed for bulk magnesium diboride are presented. Ball milling the powder results in a more homogeneous final microstructure with a higher resistivity and with a similar superconducting transition.