Meeting the need or falling in line? The effect of laissez-faire formal leaders on informal leadership

We consider the utility of two contrasting theoretical perspectives in explaining how laissez-faire formal leaders and team member motivation to lead (MTL) influences informal leadership and team task performance. The first perspective, functional leadership theory, is the dominant lens used currently to understand informal leadership. However, we suggest that social learning theory offers a compelling alternative account. In a multiwave survey study of 344 members of 72 work teams, we find support for the social learning theory predictions that laissez-faire formal leaders are perceived by team members to engage in less modeling of effective leadership and as a result are negatively associated with informal leadership and team task performance. We do not find support for the functional leadership theory predictions that laissez-faire formal leaders are positively associated with team members’ informal leadership and team task performance, which would be due to an increased perceived need for leadership. The social learning effects are stronger for teams that are lower in member MTL and weaker for teams that are higher in member MTL. These results suggest social learning theory may be preferable to functional leadership theory for understanding informal leadership in teams.     

Comparative Advertising: Effects of Structural Alignability on Target Brand Evaluations

Structural alignability refers to the readiness with which the attributes of one brand can be mapped on to those of another brand. Across three experiments, we show that as alignability in comparative advertising decreases, advertising‐induced target brand evaluations also decrease. This effect is explained by the extent to which assumptions about attribute comparisons are needed. We further show that the effect of alignability on evaluation is moderated by the need for cognitive closure, an individual difference variable that influences preferences for easy comparison and less ambiguity. Although prior research has treated alignability as a dichotomous variable (present or absent), the research presented here suggests that there are different types of (non)alignability comparisons.     

深圳与北京中学生价值观特点比较研究

采用中国人价值取向问卷对507名深圳和北京的中学生进行测查。结果表明:深圳归侨生与非归侨生在“法律规范取向”上差异显著。深圳男女中学生在“金钱权力取向”、“爱情取向”和“家庭取向”上两者存在显著差异。在“正义公理取向”维度上,深圳中学生和北京中学生差异显著,在“从众取向”、“家庭取向”和“公共利益取向”上,两者差异非常显著。     

再论《周易》与中国画

本文对《周易》的直观意象思维和中正和谐思想与中国画的创作特点进行了深入的比较分析,表明了《周易》思维方式对中国画的深刻影响,同时,对《周易》的玩占与艺术家们的玩墨也作了比较研究,揭示了玩占与玩墨所体现的深刻文化意蕴。     

The Adult Attachment Interview and observed couple interaction: implications for an intergenerational perspective on couple therapy

One of the assumptions of intergenerational family therapy is that how a person thinks and talks about family-of-origin experiences has important implications for current family relationships. The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) is a measure of attachment security based on how coherently the person can discuss attachment experiences in childhood. This study examined the relationship between attachment security, as measured by the AAI, and couple interaction, as measured by the Georgia Marriage Q-Sort (GMQ), in a sample of 28 couples in therapy for relationship problems. During a conflict resolution discussion, those individuals who were less coherent in discussing their family of origin expressed more negative affect, less respect, less openness, more avoidance, and less willingness to negotiate when interacting with their partner. No evidence of intra-couple effects or "buffering" was found. The findings support a key assumption of intergenerational approaches to family therapy and suggest that applying attachment theory is a promising direction for refining and developing new interventions for couples.     

Comparison of the Cognitive Styles Analysis and the Style of Processing Scale

The Cognitive Styles Analysis and the Style of Processing Scale are two tests designed to assess verbal-visual cognitive style. These scales represent two of the main approaches to assessing verbal-visual cognitive style, namely, computer-based testing and paper-and-pencil testing. A student sample (N=75; sex: 23 men, 52 women; age: M= 18.1 yr., SD= 1.7 yr.) yielded low correlations between the verbal-visual components of the tests (largest r = .08), indicating that they are unlikely to be related. The Cognitive Styles Analysis has some support for validity but its reliability has recently been criticised. The Style of Processing Scale has demonstrated reliability but has little support for validity. Currently, neither test could be considered a dearly dependable scale for assessing verbal-visual cognitive style.     

评欧阳修《易童子问》

欧阳修《易童子问)认为,《易》之“十翼”各有瑕疵,其中纵有孔子之言,但非孔子之文章。本文认为。此论并非无可嘉许之处．但亦不免言过其实,而致疑于其所不应疑者。本文通过对“十翼”的逐一分析。得出结论《序卦传》与《杂卦传》确如欧阳修所言。既不具微官大义．也与孔子无关。《说卦传》与《周易》关系渺茫,以《说卦传》为孔子之所作,更属无稽之谈。大小《象传》之内容,则不离乎秦汉时代、以功名利禄为人生目的的俗儒之胸襟,亦可能为邹衍一派阴阳家言。而《彖传》乃《周易》哲学精义之所在,其中若干部分必在孔子之前已经集结。惟《文言传》与《系辞传》中所录孔子之言,必皆出于孔子及门弟子之手。欧阳修呼《系辞传》为“僭妄之书”,且具有“害经惑世”之罪愆．未免有褊狭愚昧之失。文章还对欧阳修所指《系辞传》中三种成卦之法的不相容进行了辨析,指出．究实此三者所指不同,可以并存而不害。     

当前积极心理学变革的新趋向及理论价值

近20年来西方积极心理学以其独特的研究视角曾经吸引过全球人的目光,被誉为是理论心理学研究的一个新的重要方向。积极心理学主要围绕着“一个中心三个支撑点” 来开展相关的研究,即以主观幸福感为中心,以积极体验、积极人格、积极社会制度为支撑点。在强硬的现实面前,具有“理想主义情怀”的积极心理学也面临着许多困境与挑战。近年来西方一些学者正在寻求突破积极心理学的瓶颈性因素,围绕着“美德、意义、韧性和幸福”这四大支柱打造新的版本,促进积极心理学理论研究的可持续发展和升级换代。     

做知恩善报的穆斯林

《古兰经》说:"我确已把智慧赏赐鲁格曼,[我说]:‘你当感谢真主。感谢的人,只为自己而感谢,辜负的人,须知真主确是无求的,确是可颂的。’"(31:12)经文告诉我们,真主赐予鲁格曼贤哲的智慧中,就有感恩一项,而且,要知道感恩对自己有好处;而不知道感恩的人,则对自己有伤害,会导致贫穷和声誉受损。《古兰经》还反复告诉我们这样的道理:"感谢者,只为自己的利益而感谢;辜负者[须知]我的主确是无求的、确是尊荣的。’"(27:40)经文中说此话的人是苏莱曼圣人,他同样告诉我们感恩能带来利益和荣耀。     

Gray Matter Atrophy in the Cortico-Striatal-Thalamic Network and Sensorimotor Network in Relapsing–Remitting and Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Neuropsychology Review - Gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be associated with disability and cognitive impairment, but previous studies have sometimes had discordant...