细菌耐药性的产生及预防对策

细菌耐药性的产生是当今医学界所普遍面临的严重问题,危害着人类的健康和生存.通过透析细菌耐药的根源和机制,使人们认清细菌耐药性问题的实质,为制定出合理使用抗菌药物的原则和预防细菌耐药性的措施提供一些理论依据.     

Neural correlates of Traditional Chinese Medicine induced advantageous risk-taking decision making

This fMRI study examined the neural correlates of the observed improvement in advantageous risk-taking behavior, as measured by the number of adjusted pumps in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), following a 60-day course of a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) recipe, specifically designed to regulate impulsiveness in order to modulate risk-taking behavior. The 14 participants recruited for this study were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups and the TCM recipe (Panax, 520 mg; Astragalus membranaceous Bunge, 520 mg; Masnetitum, 840 mg; Ostrea gigas Thumb, 470 mg; Thinleaf Milkwort Root Radix Polygalae, 450 mg; and Os Draconis, 470 mg) was administered, as a diet supplement, to the seven participants in the experimental group. The neural activity of the two groups was monitored by a 3T MRI scanner, before and after the 60-day treatment. Associated with the improved advantageous risk-taking behavior seen in the experimental group, significantly stronger blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses were observed in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), left putamen, left thalamus, right insula, and right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), regions which have previously been reported as being involved in risk-taking decision making. The effect of the TCM in improving advantageous risk-taking decision making appears to have been related to the enhanced efficiency of the cognitive affective system, the PFC–ACC–insula–striatum network, which functions to inhibit impulsiveness, to sensitize reward-related information, and to allow the opportunity, during risk estimation, to evaluate potential gains and losses. The findings of this study suggest that interventions acting on factors modulating risk-taking decision making could have a beneficial effect in terms of optimizing risk-taking behavior.     

The Challenge-and-Response Model of Normal Anxiety

This article attempts to provide a conceptual framework placing anxiety in a personal growth perspective. The authors first discuss two different theories of anxiety, review some structural models of anxiety, and stress that anxiety should be studied as a certain kind of relation or interaction between the subject and her stimuli. Then a challenge-and-response model of normal anxiety of its cognitive components is established, which sorts anxiety into heteronomous one and autonomic one, and supposes that heteronomous anxiety includes two dimensions: the fall between the level of external challenge and the level of self challenge, and the importance of the external challenge. Some related evidences for the preceding hypothesis are examined, and then compared with related models. Finally, based on the model, a valid coping strategy of anxiety was put forward, from which the mechanism of normal coping style of anxiety in daily life can be well understood.     

创造力与注意模式之间的关系

创造力可以看成是先前无关的心理成分之间的联结。注意作为一种基本的心理功能,影响着个体心理成分之间产生远距离联系的可能性以及对已形成的联系做出新颖性的选择。文章分析了,有关创造力与注意摸式之间关系的研究,分别阐述了去焦注意和集中注意这两种不同的注意分配模式在创造性观念或想法的产生和形成中的作用,     

Embodiment、认知科学以及传统意义理论的发展

智能是一个有"意义"的活动;认知科学与意义理论之间存在有效的互动。概念/命题的传统意义理论是传统认知科学研究的重要理论基础。Embodiment支配的涉身认知科学研究是对基于规则演算的传统认知科学的现实修正。涉身认知科学与相应的哲学思想产生了一种更为全面的涉身意义理论。涉身意义理论提供了全面揭示和了解智能的一条可能路径。     

乡村教师付出–回报失衡对离职意向的影响:有调节的中介模型

为探讨乡村教师付出–回报失衡和职业幸福感对离职意向的影响,选取四川省乡村教师358名,用付出–回报失衡量表、职业幸福感量表和离职意向问卷进行调查。结果表明:(1)控制月收入、年龄和教龄影响后,乡村教师付出–回报比显著提升离职意向;(2)乡村教师职业幸福感在付出–回报比对离职意向的影响中起部分中介作用;(3)乡村教师过度投入调节付出–回报比对职业幸福感的影响。与低过度投入组相比,高过度投入组的付出–回报比对职业幸福感有更强的负向作用。研究结果揭示了乡村教师付出–回报失衡对离职意向影响及作用机制。     

克俭惜福 德泽流芳——印光大师对“克俭”美德的坚守与传承

前言克俭是中华美德,中华民族自古就提倡珍惜粮食、勤俭节省。《尚书·大禹谟》曰:克勤于邦,克俭于家。《道德经》说:吾有三宝,持而宝之。一曰慈,二曰俭,三曰不敢为天下先。孔子提倡温良恭俭让,并提倡谨身节用,以养父母之孝;墨子撰《节用》以纠奢。由此可见,先秦之际,克俭之德已深入人心,成为中华民族的普遍价值。     

重新发现屈尔佩:二重心理学思想的演进轨迹与启示

屈尔佩二重心理学思想旨在调和冯特的内容心理学与布伦塔诺的意动心理学,是心理学史上第一次整合心理学自然科学取向与人文科学取向的尝试。文章基于对屈尔佩二重心理学思想演进轨迹的具体分析,尝试厘清其与内容心理学体系之间的继承关系与改良缘由,探究其走近意动心理学的理论动因。最后,从主要贡献和局限两方面来重新发现屈尔佩二重心理学思想的意义与启示。     

疫情考验人性 灾难锻造族魂

<正>据国家卫生健康委员会网站公布,截至2月18日24时,全国因为新型冠状病毒肺炎感染而医治无效最终去世的人员,已经2004人,累计确诊人数74185人。从1月23日,武汉"封城",湖北"封省",直至全国各省,多步后尘,为了严防死守,保护人民。1月30日,联合国世界卫生组织宣布,新冠肺炎疫情构成"国际公共卫生紧急事件"。泱泱华夏,百业停摆。春节假期,延长了;学校上课,推迟了;火车停开、飞机停飞、轮船停航;高速道路,封了;社区大门,闭了;乃至,除夕之夜,大年初一,正月十五,也不例外。但疫情,却没有完全退