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The circumplex structure derived from similarity ratings of affect words is assumed to be a conceptual representation of affect anchored in semantic knowledge. Recently, it been suggested that this structure is not based on semantic knowledge at all, but may instead reflect a type of episodic knowledge: The degree to which emotions covary in everyday life. In two experience-sampling studies, we compared the semantic and the episodic hypotheses by comparing participants' similarity ratings to the observed covariations in their own affective experience computed from their momentary reports. In Study 2, participants also provided estimates of the degree to which their emotions covaried. Evidence from both studies indicate that similarity judgements are related both to semantic and episodic information, indicating that a pure episodic account of similarity ratings, and the mental representation of affect that they reflect, is untenable. 相似文献
493.
Lisa Feldman Barrett James Gross Tamlin Conner Christensen Michael Benvenuto 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(6):713-724
Individuals differ considerably in their emotion experience. Some experience emotions in a highly differentiated manner, clearly distinguishing among a variety of negative and positive discrete emotions. Others experience emotions in a relatively undifferentiated manner, treating a range of like-valence terms as interchangeable. Drawing on self-regulation theory, we hypothesised that individuals with highly differentiated emotion experience should be better able to regulate emotions than individuals with poorly differentiated emotion experience. In particular, we hypothesised that emotion differentiation and emotion regulation would be positively related in the context of intense negative emotions, where the press for emotion regulation is generally greatest. To test this hypothesis, participants' negative and positive emotion differentiation was assessed using a 14-day diary protocol. Participants' regulation of negative and positive emotions was assessed using laboratory measures. As predicted, negative emotion differentiation was positively related to the frequency of negative emotion regulation, particularly at higher levels of emotional intensity. 相似文献
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This paper describes a problem-solving framework In which aspects of mathematical decision theory are incorporated into symbolic problem-solving techniques currently predominant in artificial intelligence. The utility function of decision theory IS used to reveal tradeoffs among competing strategies for achieving various goals, taking into account such factors as reliability, the complexity of steps in the strategy, and the value of the goal. The utility function on strategies can therefore be used as a guide when searching for good strategies. It is also used to formulate solutions to the problems of how to acquire a world model, how much planning effort is worthwhile, and whether verification tests should be performed. These techniques are illustrated by application to the classic monkey and bananas problem. 相似文献
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The cognitive structure of a shape space--the space of rectangles--is explored by a nonmetric scaling technique. Our experiment was designed to extract the major transformational paths or 'modes' that characterize the mental shape space. Earlier studies of rectangle similarities using multidimensional scaling have provided conflicting evidence about whether the coordinate system of the mental rectangle space is based on height and width or on area and shape (i.e. aspect ratio). Our study reveals shape to be the single dominant factor. We suspected that earlier evidence for a height-width parameterization might have been due to the presentation of rectangles upright in a pseudo-gravitational coordinate system (whereas our rectangles are randomly rotated). In a control experiment with upright (vertical or horizontal) rectangles, the heavy bias towards shape preservation was still the dominant mode. In addition, however, a secondary bias towards change of height or width emerged, exactly following the pattern expected from the biasing change in context. This finding established a concrete path by which context and frame can influence the way shape is represented. The relevance of these findings to the cognitive organization of more complex shape spaces is discussed. 相似文献