不同性质语篇背景信息的激活与抑制

运用窗口阅读及再认探测技术,探讨即时与延迟状态下合适与不合适背景信息的激活模式。被试阅读含有精细阐述错误信息的实验材料及不含错误信息的参照材料,并对合适或不合适(参照条件下为无关)的探测词进行再认反应。结果发现,合适与不合适信息激活关系随时程延长发生的逆转是由于合适信息激活水平得到提升、不合适信息受到抑制所导致。但即使在延迟状态下,不合适先行词的激活水平也并没有降到与一个无关信息等同的程度,表明受精细阐述的错误信息即使在经过更正之后,其在语篇表征中仍有着比较重要的地位。     

风险投资从业人员的风险认知及其影响因素研究

本文根据Slovic等人提出的心理测量范式,设计了风险投资从业人员的风险认知研究问卷。对收集的数据用SPSS软件进行统计分析发现,风险投资从业人员对风险投资各风险因素有不同的风险认知结构,影响其风险认知结构的个人背景因素主要有年龄和单位性质。此外,性别和年龄、性别和专业的交互作用对其风险认知结构有极其显著的影响,性别和职务的交互作用对其风险认知结构有显著影响。     

基于时间分割的手写输入系统的用户绩效模型

为定量估计与提高基于时间分割的手写输入系统用户绩效 ,推导了用户绩效的静态与动态模型。实验一检验与修正了这两个模型 ,并获得整合模型。实验二证明该整合模型能对不同训练水平用户的绩效有较高的解释率。应用该整合模型发现 :当识别正确率RA、输入字数N为定值时 ,修改时间T、单字手写时间WT、分割时间ST、识别时间R这四个因素对任务完成时间D的影响大小次序为WT =ST =R >T ;当这四个因素为定值时 ,RA每提高 1% ,D至少节省 10 0 0ms。     

"面子"的定义及其功能的研究综述

面子是一个本土社会心理概念。有关面子的研究主要集中在两个方面,一是关于面子定义的探讨,二是关于面子功能的分析。本文对面子的相关研究做了综述,并进行了简要评价。     

青少年亲子关系与心理健康的相关研究

本文采用亲子关系测验(PCRR)与SCL-90量表评定了349名青少年的亲子关系与心理健康状况,运用相关分析的方法探讨了亲子关系对心理健康的影响。结果表明：80％以上的青少年家庭至少存在一种不良的亲子关系,其中最突出的类型为期待型亲子关系、溺爱型亲子关系和不安型亲子关系;青少年在强迫症、人际关系不良、焦虑和敌对等方面存在比较多的心理健康问题;亲子关系与心理健康状况存在显著的高相关,不同类型的不良好亲子关系与青少年不同的心理健康问题有关。     

中小学生心理素质双因子结构的构建

尝试构建双因子模型来验证中小学生心理素质结构的理论构想。采用整群抽样法先后两次选取被试,第一次选取重庆、四川、广东各一所小学4-6年级共1607名学生,重庆、四川、湖北、江西、浙江5个省市初一到高三共2106名中学生,第二次选取重庆市潼南区五所小学4-6年级共1334名学生、北碚区两所中学初一到高三共1057名学生,尝试构建中小学生心理素质的双因子结构,同时比较双因子模型与传统维度结构模型拟合中小学生心理素质的优劣。结果表明:相比传统维度结构模型,双因子结构模型拟合数据最优。结论:双因子模型更适用于解释中小学生心理素质的结构。     

Increased experience amplifies the activation of task-irrelevant category representations

Prior research has demonstrated the benefits (i.e., task-relevant attentional selection) and costs (i.e., task-irrelevant attentional capture) of prior knowledge on search for an individual target or multiple targets from a category. This study investigated whether the level of experience with particular categories predicts the degree of task-relevant and task-irrelevant activation of item and category representations. Adults with varying levels of dieting experience (measured via 3 subscales of Disinhibition, Restraint, Hunger; Stunkard & Messick, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29(1), 71–83, 1985) searched for targets defined as either a specific food item (e.g., carrots), or a category (i.e., any healthy or unhealthy food item). Apart from the target-present trials, in the target-absent “foil” trials, when searching for a specific item (e.g., carrots), irrelevant items from the target’s category (e.g., squash) were presented. The ERP (N2pc) results revealed that the activation of task-relevant representations (measured via Exemplar and Category N2pc amplitudes) did not differ based on the degree of experience. Critically, however, increased dieting experience, as revealed by lower Disinhibition scores, predicted activation of task-irrelevant representations (i.e., attentional capture of foils from the target item category). Our results suggest that increased experience with particular categories encourages the rapid activation of category representations even when category information is task irrelevant, and that the N2pc in foil trials could potentially serve as an indication of experience level in future studies on categorization.     

Gender differences on laugh‐related traits: A cross‐sectional study

People have different responses to being laughed at, including fear of being laughed at, joy from being laughed at and joy from hearing others laugh. Previous studies have indicated that men have a higher tendency of laughing at others, but there were no gender differences on terms of the other two responses. Socioemotional selectivity theory indicates that individuals pay less attention to negative stimuli as they get older. It is worth investigating whether the gender differences of gelotophobia and gelotophilia occur in certain developmental stages. The present study is a cross‐sectional study, with a sample size of 1247 participants; we collected information regarding laugh‐related traits among participants 11–66 years old, and we particularly focused on the moderation effect of age on gender differences on gelotophobia, gelotophilia and katagelasticism. The results showed that men had a stronger tendency for laughing at others, but there were no significant gender differences on terms of gelotophobia and gelotophilia; age not only moderated the relationship between gender and gelotophobia but also the relationship between gender and katagelasticism. Male adolescents had higher incidences of gelotophobia and katagelasticism than female adolescents, but this finding was not consistent in the middle adulthood sample. The present study found age to be a moderator between gender and laugh‐related traits, and it indicated the influence of age on the fear of being laughed at during early adolescence, but there was no gender difference with respect to katagelasticism in middle adulthood.     

Supervisors’ work-related and nonwork information sharing: Integrating research on information sharing,information seeking,and trust using self-disclosure theory

Although significant scholarly attention has been devoted to understanding subordinates’ information seeking from supervisors, researchers have not paid adequate attention to information sharing by supervisors. Moreover, research on supervisors’ information sharing behavior has focused almost exclusively on work-related information sharing, disregarding supervisors’ sharing of information not related to work (e.g., that related to family). Drawing on self-disclosure theory, we argue that supervisors share both work-related and nonwork information with their subordinates and propose that these two forms of information sharing are conceptually distinct. Furthermore, to unravel the role of supervisors’ nonwork information sharing, we develop an interactive model to test how it may be associated with important employee outcomes. We conducted pilot studies using five samples and, through a sixth study, tested the hypothesized model using a four-wave data collection design. This study makes three major contributions to research and theory. First, it integrates information sharing and information seeking literatures. Second, it underlines the importance of supervisors’ nonwork information sharing in organizations by testing its direct and interactive effects. Third, it contributes to theory by presenting trust as a mechanism that links information disclosure in dyads. Results obtained using structural equation modeling generally supported the proposed model.