Career transitions and their causes: A country‐comparative perspective

This empirical paper investigates how individuals conceptualize causes of career transitions, focusing on the three European countries of Austria, Serbia, and Spain in comparison to the USA and China. Collectively, these countries represent four separate cultural regions according to Schwartz. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with members of three occupational groups: business people, nurses, and blue‐collar workers. Analysis of the data generates greater insight about the existence of both region‐specific patterns as well as potentially universalistic tendencies regarding perceived causes of career transitions. Perceptions of internal (to the person) drivers of career transitions as activating forces are evident in all five countries. The overall results support contemporary notions of occupational careers that are highly individualized, a characterization strongly emphasized in the current career literature. In the European culture clusters, causes of career transitions are attributed internally and externally. China, representing the Confucian cultural region, stresses external causes for career transitions. By contrast, in the USA only internal attributions of causes are reported.     

先前知识、超文本层次深度和类型对低结构化信息搜索的影响

探讨先前知识、超文本层次深度和类型对低结构化中文信息搜索的影响。采用2(先前知识)×8(文本组织形式)的被试间设计,以平均搜索时间和迷路指数为因变量。结果发现:(1)先前知识对线性文本和超文本(尤其是层次型超文本)的搜索均有利;(2)随着层次深度的增加,对超文本的搜索时间显著增加,迷路指数也呈增加的趋势;(3)搜索线性文本的迷路指数显著低于超文本;(4)不同类型超文本的搜索绩效基本无显著差异。因此,先前知识、层次深度对超文本信息搜索的影响比超文本类型和信息的结构化水平更重要。     

基于计算机仿真的颜色认知实验方法研究

近年来计算机仿真的实验研究方法逐渐成为颜色认知研究的主流方法,该方法克服了传统方法的诸多缺陷。本研究在现有技术的基础上构建了颜色研究仿真系统,并改进了CIE规定的有关CRT显示器颜色标定的方法。笔者通过颜色匹配实验考察了人对CRT显示器上仿真照明体颜色外观的辨别精度,结果表明上述颜色仿真系统在颜色认知实验中具有良好的适用性,并发现被试在计算机模拟颜色刺激的条件下,可进行精确的颜色匹配;不同照明条件下的色差有所不同。这些结果也为建立颜色认知模型提供了人的基准匹配数据。     

个体完成系列回忆任务时错误类型发展的实验研究

本实验以小学一、三、五年级学生和大学生为被试,选择三种类型的汉字(普通字、形似字和同音字)为实验材料,要求被试完成系列回忆任务。结果发现：各组被试在完成系列回忆任务时,出现了四种错误,即遗漏错误、侵入错误、移动错误和重复错误。其中遗漏错误、侵入错误和移动错误随年级升高而降低;移动错误的相对比例最高,重复错误的相对比例最低。同时还发现同音字引起的错误率明显高于普通字和形似字。     

The influence of evidence type and product involvement on message‐framing effects in advertising

• Extrapolating from prior research that describes the persuasive effects of gain‐ versus loss‐framed messages via the heuristic‐systematic model (HSM), the current study incorporated two advertising‐related factors – evidence type (informational vs. exemplar) and product involvement – and examined their influence on message‐framing effects in advertisements for commonplace consumer products. A significant interaction in Experiment 1 indicated that loss‐framed messages were persuasive in a higher‐involvement context only when coupled with informational evidence, which enhanced systematic processing among participants and thereby elicited the framing effect. No interaction effects occurred in the lower‐involvement context of Experiment 2, in which the hypothesized thought‐processing patterns did not evince. Consistent with recent theoretical advancements, these results indicate that message‐framing effects can be attenuated when both systematic and heuristic processing occur simultaneously. Practical implications are discussed.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

知觉负载和线索位置对视觉选择性注意的影响

采用线索范式,以汉语双字词为材料,探讨了不同工作记忆负荷条件下知觉负载、线索位置对视觉选择性注意的影响.结果表明:(1)线索位置影响被试对目标的加工,前线索条件下被试对目标的加工更为精细;(2)知觉负载对选择性注意的影响受到工作记忆的调节.高工作记忆负荷条件下,高知觉负载条件下的反应时显著短于低知觉负载条件;而在低工作记忆负荷条件下,不同知觉负载条件下的反应时差异不显著.     

性别角色特质与学生学习成绩的相关研究

该研究采用测量与访谈方法对83名小学生、200名初中生进行了性别角色特质的分布状况以及各种性别特质个体类型与学习成绩的相关研究,其目的是想了解不同性别角色特质对学习成绩的影响.其结果是:(1)中小学男女被试中双性化特质者最多,其次为未分化特质者;(2)中小学学业优秀者中双性化特质者比例最高,学业不良者中未分化特质者比例最高;(3)小学生女性化特质与外语、语文学习成绩显著相关,数学学习成绩与男性化与女性化特质均无显著相关;初中生女性化特质与外语学习成绩显著相关,数学、语文学习成绩与男性与女性化特质均无显著相关.     

脑卒中患者功能独立性与家庭照料者负担感的关系：以社会支持为中介变量和调节变量

研究对203名脑卒中患者的家庭照料者进行了问卷调查,以探讨患者的功能独立性对家庭照料者负担感的作用机制。结果显示,82.3%脑卒中患者的家庭照料者有明显的负担感;患者的功能独立性与家庭照料者的负担感显著负相关;来自患者的社会支持在患者功能独立性与家庭照料者负担感之间起中介作用,而来自患者之外的社会支持则起调节作用。结果表明,在家庭照料负担的干预实践中,应注意区分来源不同的社会支持及其作用机制。     

运动员咀嚼口香糖行为与竞赛焦虑的关系

为考察运动员咀嚼口香糖行为与竞赛焦虑的关系,本研究采用自编《咀嚼口香糖与竞赛焦虑问卷CGSCA》与《运动竞赛焦虑测验SCAT》,调查了457名运动员。结果发现,SCAT表明,运动员在竞赛情景下普遍处于应激状态并容易体验到焦虑;CGSCA表明,竞赛咀嚼行为与竞赛焦虑存在显著正相关,竞赛焦虑高的个体拥有更多的竞赛咀嚼行为,并更多地采用咀嚼口香糖的方式来缓解竞赛焦虑。本研究表明,咀嚼口香糖可以缓解运动员的竞赛焦虑。