Altering the rhythm of target and background talkers differentially affects speech understanding

Three experiments investigated listeners’ ability to use speech rhythm to attend selectively to a single target talker presented in multi-talker babble (Experiments 1 and 2) and in speech-shaped noise (Experiment 3). Participants listened to spoken sentences of the form “Ready [Call sign] go to [Color] [Number] now” and reported the Color and Number spoken by a target talker (cued by the Call sign “Baron”). Experiment 1 altered the natural rhythm of the target talker and background talkers for two-talker and six-talker backgrounds. Experiment 2 considered parametric rhythm alterations over a wider range, altering the rhythm of either the target or the background talkers. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that altering the rhythm of the target talker, while keeping the rhythm of the background intact, reduced listeners’ ability to report the Color and Number spoken by the target talker. Conversely, altering the rhythm of the background talkers, while keeping the target rhythm intact, improved listeners ability to report the Color and Number spoken by the target talker. Experiment 3, which embedded the target talker in speech-shaped noise rather than multi-talker babble, similarly reduced recognition of the target sentence with increased alteration of the target rhythm. This pattern of results favors a dynamic-attending theory-based selective-entrainment hypothesis over a disparity-based segregation hypothesis and an increased salience hypothesis.

     

学术与人生——从审美判断谈起

本文论述了如下概念之间的基本关系:1)学术本身是以求真为目的的,求真的机制是想象力在理性的范导下通过知性来协调、整合感性的形式与质料。2)这种机制必然伴随有审美的价值。一旦这种价值被自觉,这种自觉就成为学术的原动力,并由于审美活动自身之原理——想象力的自由活动与知性、理性的协调一致——极大地激发学术创造的功能。3)因此,纯正的学术人生将因为美的发生而变得有意义、有活力。4)由于学术活动的审美内涵中除了美之外还有崇高感,纯正的学者如此终其一生,将完成一种崇高的人格塑造。     

学业不良学生的心理弹性研究初探

心理弹性是一种处于逆境中能够克服危险因素,迅速恢复情绪,避免心理健康、能力等方面受损的稳定的人格特质或能力.文章从心理弹性问题出发,就学业不良角度探讨了心理弹性的危险性与保护性因素,以及有关研究的若干问题,对更深入地探讨学业不良形成的原因与改善机制,为补救与提高我国学业不良学生的学业与心理健康水平的研究提供了新的视角.     

《科学与无神论》杂志的历史功绩——献给本刊创办二十周年(四)

第五,对曲解《道德经》的讨论与批评。2004年,《光明日报》《人民日报》报道了自1996年起华中理工大学(今华中科技大学)实施《道德经》教育的“成功经验”,其中最重要的,是熊良山主讲的“道德经解读”,“滋润着莘莘学子的心田”,“像甘霖洒入干涸的土地,校园内重塑起人文精神,弥补了由于经济和科技高速发展所造成的现代文明裂缝。”《光明日报》说,“从1996年至今,该校学生累计选修《道德经》人数已超过8000人”,“认为该课程是‘素质教育的好形式’”。《人民日报》的报道,着重介绍了曾任该校校长的杨叔子院士如何重视科学与人文的结合和该校的人文氛围。在这两家报纸报道后,《湖北日报》《中国青年报》等重要报纸,新华网、人民网、《求是》新闻网、冠名“中国科学院”网等重要网站,也都报道了上述内容,或者转载了上述文章。     

Procedural fairness predicts cooperative behaviour for high-self-esteem individuals but not for low-self-esteem individuals

Cooperation is vital for modern society. Previous studies showed that procedural fairness promotes cooperation; however, they mainly focused on cooperation intention, which may fail to reveal actual cooperative behaviour. Moreover, little is known regarding the personality boundary of the effect of procedural fairness on cooperation. Guided by previous findings that self-esteem increases sensitivity to procedural unfairness, we attempted to explore the moderating effect of self-esteem on the association between procedural fairness and cooperative behaviour. In Experiment 1, 160 participants' self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; procedural fairness was manipulated in two conditions, depending on whether money was allocated in an economic game by rolling the dice twice or an allocator's arbitrary choice. Cooperative behaviour was assessed using the chicken game paradigm. Experiment 2 (148 participants) aimed to replicate and extend the results of Experiment 1 using a more rigorous experimental design, in which the possible effect of outcome favourability was excluded. The results of both experiments consistently showed that procedural fairness positively predicted cooperative behaviour, and this association was significant in high-self-esteem individuals, but not in low-self-esteem individuals. These findings shed light on the vital role of self-esteem in understanding the relationship between procedural fairness and cooperative behaviour.     

A comparison of classmate and self-evaluation of dysphoric and nondysphoric Chinese students

Forty dysphoric and thirty-nine nondysphoric Chinese college students participated in this study. Subjects completed forms on performance standard setting, self-evaluation, and self-perceived efficacy for their academic performance and social skills. Two classmates of each subject were asked to appraise the subject's level of academic performance, social skills, and academic efficacy. The results showed that although there was no difference between the standards the subjects set for themselves in the two groups, dysphorics showed lower self-evaluation, and self-perceived efficacy than nondysphorics. In comparison with their classmates' appraisals, dysphorics rated themselves lower both on their academic performance and social skills, whereas their efficacy judgements coincided with their classmates' appraisals. The findings suggest that depressed people are sadder but not wiser when self-evaluation and self-efficacy are taken into consideration.     

论黄宗仰与《频伽藏》的校刊及其贡献

近代爱国名僧黄宗仰本着佛法应时救世的精神,亦为推动近代佛教文化复兴事业的发展,顺应近代佛经刊刻事业发展的需要,在哈同夫妇的大力资助下主持校刊<频伽大藏经>,以其独特的选本、取材的广泛、校勘的严谨,以及僧俗联手合作等特点,对近代佛教文化的复兴有着重要影响.     

区域佛教史研究的典范——读崔正森先生的《五台山佛教史》

近年来,区域研究的兴起被视为中国当代历史学研究的一种新趋势,一般认为这是在法国年鉴学派影响下,战后历史学目光更多地转向关注下层社会历史的学术潮流的一种表现。在这种学术研究的背景下,国家或王朝的历史不再被视为历史学研究唯一的主题,历史学家更多的是以较小地区的历史过程为研究对象,这样的研究能够更细致和多方面、多层次地展示普通人的活动及社会表现。历史过程的单位从“国家”、“民族”转换为某个地区,体现了历史学家对“历史”的理解发生了某种根本性的转变。而且,地域史的研究取向不仅要发现地方历史中不同于“国家”或“民…