Does high memory load kick task-irrelevant information out of visual working memory?

The limited capacity of visual working memory (VWM) requires the existence of an efficient information selection mechanism. While it has been shown that under low VWM load, an irrelevant simple feature can be processed, its fate under high load (e.g., six objects) remains unclear. We explored this issue by probing the “irrelevant-change distracting effect,” in which the change of a stored irrelevant feature affects performance. Simple colored shapes were used as stimuli, with color as the target. Using a whole-probe method (presenting six objects in both the memory and test arrays), in Experiment 1 we found that a change to one of the six shapes led to a significant distracting effect. Using a partial-probe method (presenting the probe either at the screen center or at a location selected from the memory array), in Experiment 2 we showed the distracting effect again. These results suggest that irrelevant simple features can be stored into VWM, regardless of memory load.     

虚云和尚对当代禅宗之影响

本文从承继法脉、广建道场、传戒立规,及参与佛教社会活动等四方面,概览近代禅师虚云和尚的弘法利生志业,并分析其禅法特色,以探讨其对当代禅宗的影响与启发.     

生态园林与城市建设——以淮安市的城市建设为例

生态园林不同于传统的园林,而是一种现代园林,它重视因地制宜,关注城市与自然的谐和,是大众共享的而不是小众独享的,它不一定具有普适性,其意义只在于提醒人们,在现在城市的建设中,不能只讲技术,从而使千城一律,而应因地制宜,拯救(自然与文化的)差异,使建筑更适宜人"去居住".     

A joint modeling framework of responses and response times to assess learning outcomes

Abstract

A general modeling framework of response accuracy and response times is proposed to track skill acquisition and provide additional diagnostic information on the change of latent speed in a learning environment. This framework consists of two types of models: a dynamic response model that captures the response accuracy and the change of discrete latent attribute profile upon factors such as practice, intervention effects, and other latent and observable covariates, and a dynamic response time model that describes the change of the continuous response latency due to change of latent attribute profile. These two types of models are connected through a parameter, describing the change rate of the latent speed through the learning process, and a covariate defined as a function of the latent attribute profile. A Bayesian estimation procedure is developed to calibrate the model parameters and measure the latent variables. The estimation algorithm is evaluated through several simulation studies under various conditions. The proposed models are applied to a real data set collected through a spatial rotation diagnostic assessment paired with learning tools.     

乾隆朝废除度牒的原因新论

清人俞正燮推断,"摊丁入亩"的赋役制度改革是乾隆朝废除度牒制度的原因,学术界至今沿用此说,似成定论.在界定度僧、僧籍及度牒三个重要概念,梳理并剖析乾隆朝度牒制度主要内容的基础上,本文认为,"摊丁入亩"是废除度牒制度的必要但非充分条件,是外因(四个条件)之一.度牒制度被废除的内因是乾隆帝利用该制度裁减僧人所导致的五个矛盾.内因(五个矛盾)和外因(四个条件)结合起来才是乾隆朝废除度牒制度的真正原因.     

黄绾的“艮止”心学——兼谈黄绾心学的天台佛学性格

明代思想家黄绾通过对《周易》"艮"卦的创造性解读,建立了一个从"心性论"的角度而不是从"实学"的角度来反对王阳明心学的所谓"艮止"心学,在当时独树一帜。此一"艮止"心学在黄绾看来乃是"孔门正传",乃是"圣人传心之学"。"艮止"心学主张人的"心"是唯一的,不管是君子的"天命之心"还是小人的"无容之心",不管是喜怒还是哀乐,其实都只是一个"心"而不是两个"心"。黄绾"艮止"心学对"心"的这种"一元化"理解与天台宗"一念三千"学说对"心"的理解如出一辙。     

Neighborhood social disorder as a determinant of drug injection behaviors: a structural equation modeling approach.

Neighborhood environments are increasingly recognized as a contextual determinant of health, behaviors, and disease; however, the pathways through which neighborhood characteristics impact health behaviors are poorly understood. This article examines pathways to elucidate how neighborhood social disorder may lead to HIV transmission. Data are from a baseline survey of 701 injection drug users from the Self-Help in Eliminating Lethal Diseases Study, an HIV prevention intervention in Baltimore. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the pathways among social disorder, psychological distress, and drug injection behaviors. The relationship between disorder and injection behaviors in the models tested suggests that psychological distress is higher in more socially disordered neighborhoods, that distress leads to greater injection frequency and equipment sharing, and that injection frequency predicts equipment sharing.     

中国哲学研究的新视野——两岸"中国哲学研究的身体维度"学术会议综述

从最初对西方身体转向的应激反应,到开始关注中国古代哲学的身体维度,再到多角度、宽领域深入开掘中国传统哲学的身体特质,作为中国哲学研究的新视野,中国哲学的身体性研究展现出了非凡的活力.关于这一研究的新进展,海峡两岸"中国哲学研究的身体维度"会议从三个方面,即"身体与伦理"、"体感与体知"、"身体与语文"作了细致的探讨,不仅深化了中国哲学的身体性研究,也推进了海峡两岸学者在这一领域的学术交流,中国哲学的身体性研究已成为建设当代文化的重要资源.     

俄罗斯神秘主义流行现状研究(下)

神秘主义,从灵学史的角度来考察,是一个世界现象。所以考察俄罗斯神秘主义的流行,就必须放在一个大环境下来思考。俄罗斯神秘主义流行与前苏联的演变有密不可分的关系,与美苏的争霸及世界格局的变迁也息息相关。本文即是从与前苏联的比较研究中,寻找可以借鉴的历史教训。