从认同领导到认同组织：对认同转化边界条件的探讨

以往研究指出员工会对不同主体产生多重认同,且这些认同之间具有转化性,突出表现为对“领导者”的个体性认同会转化到对“组织”的群体性认同。本文考察了这一转化过程的边界条件,指出员工对领导者的认同在多大程度上能转化为对组织的认同,取决于领导者与组织的关系。基于对266 名员工的调查,研究发现：当领导者与组织价值观相匹配,或领导者被员工视为组织的化身时,员工对领导者的认同更有可能转化为对组织的认同;进一步地,领导者-组织价值观匹配对认同转化过程的调节是通过领导者组织化身的中介作用而实现的。     

Skipping of Chinese characters does not rely on word-based processing

Previous eye-movement studies have indicated that people tend to skip extremely high-frequency words in sentence reading, such as “the” in English and “的/de” in Chinese. Two alternative hypotheses have been proposed to explain how this frequent skipping happens in Chinese reading: one assumes that skipping happens when the preview has been fully identified at the word level (word-based skipping); the other assumes that skipping happens whenever the preview character is easy to identify regardless of whether lexical processing has been completed or not (character-based skipping). Using the gaze-contingent display change paradigm, we examined the two hypotheses by substituting the preview of the third character of a four-character Chinese word with the high-frequency Chinese character “的/de”, which should disrupt the ongoing word-level processing. The character-based skipping hypothesis predicts that this manipulation will enhance the skipping probability of the target character (i.e., the third character of the target word), because the character “的/de” has much higher character frequency than the original character. The word-based skipping hypothesis instead predicts a reduction of the skipping probability of the target character because the presence of the character “的/de” is lexically infelicitous at word level. The results supported the character-based skipping hypothesis, indicating that in Chinese reading the decision of skipping a character can be made before integrating it into a word.

     

Parental Rearing Behaviors and Adolescent’s Social Trust: Roles of Adolescent Self-esteem and Class Justice Climate

Research on the antecedents and underlying mechanisms of the formation of adolescent social trust is scant. Family and school are two major environments in which adolescents become socialized. The current study examined the effect of parental rearing behaviors (rejection, emotional warmth and overprotection) on adolescent social trust, exploring the mediating role of adolescent self-esteem and the multilevel moderated role of the Level 2 variable class justice climate. The sample included 612 (12–16 years old) middle school students in China. Participants completed the s-EMBU, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Rosenberg’s Faith in People Scale and the perceptions of class justice scale, along with other control variables. The results suggested that parental rearing behaviors significantly predicted adolescent social trust, regardless of adolescent gender or age. Additional mediation analysis suggested that parental rearing behaviors had both direct effects on adolescent social trust and indirect effects through adolescent self-esteem. Further multilevel structural equation modeling indicated that class justice climate moderated the effect of parental rejection on adolescent self-esteem. The findings suggest that family and school practice jointly shape adolescents’ social trust. How parents treat their children has a huge influence on the degree to which their children trust other people. In addition, perceived class justice could buffer the harmfulness of negative parental rearing behaviors.     

Indirect Effects of Overparenting and Family Communication Patterns on Mental Health of Emerging Adults in China and the United States

Journal of Adult Development - According to self-determination theory, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (i.e., autonomy, competence, relatedness) is essential for human mental health...     

序列语义的类别一致性关系能否进行无意识整合？

阈下语义之间能否进行整合,最近的研究给出了不同的结果。当多个阈下语义词语同时呈现时显示出无意识语义整合效应,但是当序列呈现时没有观察到无意识整合效应。本研究在保留同时呈现方法优点（不同空间呈现位置）的情况下研究了序列呈现的不同汉字词语之间能否产生无意识语义类别关系整合。在实验1中,两个相同或不同类别的词语作为阈下启动刺激先后在两侧呈现,且第一个词语消失后第二词语马上出现,结果显示出无意识语义类别整合效应。实验2延长了两个阈下启动词语之间的时间间隔,结果未发现无意识语义类别整合效应。另外,实验3进一步排除了实验1中第一个启动词语的视觉残留,结果也未观察到显著的无意识语义类别整合效应,说明实验1中观察到的无意识整合效应是视觉残留所致。综合三个实验结果表明,两个阈下词语之间的语义类别一致性关系只有在同时呈现这种特殊条件下才能进行无意识整合加工,说明了短时间维度对于无意识语义关系整合的重要性。     

事故驾驶员与安全驾驶员人格特征的比较研究

本研究采用柳井晴夫等人编制的新性格检查问卷,对６０名公交车驾驶员的人格特征进行了测量．结果表明：（１）事故组驾驶员与安全组驾驶员在五个人格特征上存在显著性差异,其中事故组驾驶员攻击性、神经质倾向较强,而持久性、协调性和同情性较差．（２）男性事故组驾驶员与安全组驾驶员在四个人格特征上存在显著性差异,其中事故组驾驶员攻击性和神经质倾向较强,但持久性和协调性较差。（３）女性事故组驾驶员与安全组驾驶员在两个人格特征上存在显著性差异,前者较后者攻击性强,但缺乏同情性．（４）性别在１２项人格特征上无显著性差异．本研究结果可为设计制定专门应用于交通领域的人格测验,以及对驾驶员的选拔、培训、教育和管理提供一定的理论依据．     

作为义务的诚信以及诚信义务的豁免

作为义务的诚信是将诚信看作超越功利的,不管对行为者及其相关人员有利与否,也不管行为主体愿意与否都必须履行的道德责任。当下社会普遍存在的诚信缺失现象有复杂的原因,但将诚信仅仅作为手段来强调而忽视了义务层面的要求,并由此导致人们出于利益的追求而逃避诚信义务则无疑是最主要的原因。因此,要在全社会打造诚信,就必须树立诚信是必须被履行之义务的理念,并努力在全社会形成自觉履行诚信义务的习惯。当然,诚信义务的履行并不是无条件的,在特定的情况下是可以因为更重要更迫切的其他义务的出现而豁免的。     

Assessing the DSM-IV structure of personality disorder with a sample of Chinese psychiatric patients

The validity of the three-cluster system of personality disorders (PDs) in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; APA, 1994) was examined in a sample of Chinese psychiatric patients (n = 227), who completed the self-report Personality Disorders Questionnaire for DSM-IV (PDQ-4; Hyler, 1994) and who were also administered the clinician-rated Personality Disorders Interview-IV (PDI-IV; Widiger, Mangine, Corbit, Ellis, & Thomas,). Using confirmatory factor analysis, a three-factor model corresponding to the DSM-IV clusters was tested and compared statistically to a one-factor model and a set of random, three-factor models. Only the clinician-rated instrument supported the DSM-IV three-cluster model, and then only when the factors were allowed to correlate. Results from the theoretically more rigorous uncorrelated model testing did not support the DSM-IV model for either assessment modality.     

创伤性分离症状及其认知研究

创伤性分离是具有心理创伤经历的人常表现出来的典型症状,它包括记忆缺失、幻听、人格解体等,它主要表现在分离性障碍中,在其他精神疾病中也常见,如创伤后应激障碍、精神分裂症等。该文阐释了创伤性心理、创伤性分离的基本概念,介绍了创伤性分离症状的几种理论：人格结构性分离理论,背叛创伤性理论,回避加工假设与警戒-回避假说等。其中人格结构性分离理论主要是以临床治疗为取向,采用EMDR技术,侧重于研究创伤性分离对人格结构产生的影响;而背叛创伤性理论,回避编码假说以及警戒-回避假说是通过认知心理学的研究范式,探讨创伤性分离的症状与记忆。通过对几种理论的比较分析。发现后三种认知理论对创伤性分离症状的解释主要侧重于三个方面,一“是否存在回避警戒”,二“是否存在回避加工”,三“是否存在回避记忆”,而关于这几方面问题发生的条件,还有待于进一步的研究验证     

心理契约破坏对组织公民行为的影响：同事支持感的调节作用

采用问卷调查法,研究了同事支持感（perceived coworker support）在心理契约破坏和组织公民关系间的调节作用。研究结果表明：同事支持感会削弱心理契约破坏和组织公民行为的关系的强度,即当个体感知到较高程度的同事支持,虽然个体感受到心理契约被破坏,也会维持较高程度的组织公民行为。