国外自杀心理学研究与理论评介

以自杀致病理论、自杀评估理论、自杀治疗理论为线索,回顾与总结了国外近十年来的自杀心理学理论与研究概况,同时重点介绍了致病理论中的应激—易感模型、逃避自我理论、杀死自我理论;自杀评估理论中的SSF评估、四阶段过程模式;自杀治疗理论中的SATIR理论和荣格艺术治疗理论等,并做了简短评论     

知觉负载和线索位置对视觉选择性注意的影响

采用线索范式,以汉语双字词为材料,探讨了不同工作记忆负荷条件下知觉负载、线索位置对视觉选择性注意的影响.结果表明:(1)线索位置影响被试对目标的加工,前线索条件下被试对目标的加工更为精细;(2)知觉负载对选择性注意的影响受到工作记忆的调节.高工作记忆负荷条件下,高知觉负载条件下的反应时显著短于低知觉负载条件;而在低工作记忆负荷条件下,不同知觉负载条件下的反应时差异不显著.     

"韦编三绝":孔子晚年的宗教诉求——孔子与《易经》关系新论

孔子晚年“读《易》,韦编三绝”,但是,孔子既没有像民问那样把《易经》看作是一部占卜之书,同时也没有像对待《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》那样对它进行一定整理,以期从中发(?)出进行社会教育的资源并找到根治社会疾病的良方。孔子之读《易》只是为了使自己的个人生活合乎《天命》从而提升个己的生命品质。可以说,孔子的“读《易》”只是他个人的一种宗教生活,体现了他对《易经》的宗教诉求;相反,孔子之删定整理《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》则是他面对社会公众的学者生活,体现了他对《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》的学术诉求,换言之即,孔子与《易经》之间的关系是一种宗教关系,而孔子与《诗》,《书》、《礼》、《乐》之问的关系却是一种学术关系,两者不可同日而语。     

心理契约破坏对组织公民行为的影响：同事支持感的调节作用

采用问卷调查法,研究了同事支持感（perceived coworker support）在心理契约破坏和组织公民关系间的调节作用。研究结果表明：同事支持感会削弱心理契约破坏和组织公民行为的关系的强度,即当个体感知到较高程度的同事支持,虽然个体感受到心理契约被破坏,也会维持较高程度的组织公民行为。     

工作对家庭的增益与中小学教师的工作满意度:职业认同的中介作用及其性别差异

探究工作对家庭的增益影响中小学教师工作满意度的过程机制。采用纵向设计对760名中小学教师进行问卷调查,时间点1测查人口学变量和工作对家庭的增益,时间点2测查职业认同和工作满意度。结果发现:(1)工作对家庭的增益能够显著正向预测工作满意度;(2)职业认同在工作对家庭的增益与工作满意度的关系中起部分中介作用;(3)性别对此中介过程的前半段路径具有调节作用,表现为男教师的工作对家庭的增益对职业认同的预测效力更高。结果表明:工作对家庭的增益显著影响中小学教师的工作满意度,职业认同在此影响过程中具有中介作用,且这一中介作用存在性别差异。     

先前知识、超文本层次深度和类型对低结构化信息搜索的影响

探讨先前知识、超文本层次深度和类型对低结构化中文信息搜索的影响。采用2(先前知识)×8(文本组织形式)的被试间设计,以平均搜索时间和迷路指数为因变量。结果发现:(1)先前知识对线性文本和超文本(尤其是层次型超文本)的搜索均有利;(2)随着层次深度的增加,对超文本的搜索时间显著增加,迷路指数也呈增加的趋势;(3)搜索线性文本的迷路指数显著低于超文本;(4)不同类型超文本的搜索绩效基本无显著差异。因此,先前知识、层次深度对超文本信息搜索的影响比超文本类型和信息的结构化水平更重要。     

Applicability and attachment findings of the Strange Situation Paradigm in infants with visual impairment

Attachment studies with diverse populations enrich the understanding of infants’ socioemotional development by documenting both universal and idiosyncratic aspects of attachment. Given the effects of attachment in children's socioemotional outcomes, such studies are necessary to investigate the impact of children's sensory impairments on attachment development. Yet, very little attachment research has focused on infants with visual impairment (VI infants), a population in which infant–caregiver emotional exchanges through visual means are reduced/absent. We investigated the applicability of the Strange Situation Paradigm (SSP), with added instructions to compensate for degraded visual input, in 20 VI infants (with no additional disabilities and who were receiving developmental counseling). In all but 1 of the SSPs coded, VI infants displayed observable attachment behavior that was classifiable. Nineteen VI infants showed attachment by 12 months of age. Across the ages tested (fractional age range = 0.9–2.33 months), most VI infants’ attachment patterns were classified as secure and organized.     

信息载体对初一学生认知负荷与态度偏好的影响

使用认知负荷量表和态度偏好问卷,以相同文章为材料,探究初一学生基于不同信息载体(纸质、电脑、电子阅读器)的认知负荷和态度偏好的差异。结果显示:(1)纸质阅读组的认知负荷大于电脑组和电子阅读器组;(2)电脑组和电子阅读器组的认知负荷和态度偏好均不存在显著差异;(3)被试基于特定载体的认知负荷和态度偏好呈现显著的负相关。所有结果均表明:初一年级的学生更加喜欢进行电子阅读。因此,在现实教学中不必只使用纸质材料,还可适当使用电子阅读。     

A compromise between self-enhancement and honesty: Chinese self-evaluations on social desirability scales

In this investigation, 202 Chinese college students were asked to complete the 48-item revised Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) which contains 32 items from the original version for the purpose of rating item desirability and estimating the percentage of others in general who would behave in the manner described by these items. Analysis indicated (a) nearly all original items keyed in the original direction, which suggests similar fundamental values are prevalent among American and Chinese college students; (b) the distribution of Chinese scores on the 32 items was somewhat positively skewed rather than negatively skewed as in some Western studies of American and Canadian college students. Also, (c) Chinese subjects perceived that they did significantly more desirable and slightly fewer undesirable things than others from which one may infer that Chinese college students tended to give both self-enhancing and honest responses to present good images; however, their need for self-enhancement may take precedence over the need to be honest. (d) Subjects chose to give more honest responses to undesirable items than to desirable ones because the more undesirable items were rated as approximately more neutral than were more desirable ones. Hence, endorsing such undesirable items would not threaten their self-esteem or face. It can be seen that Chinese subjects made an intelligent compromise between self-enhancement and honesty.     

Developmental stability and change in self-regulation from childhood to adolescence

The authors examined the developmental course of self-regulation in a cohort of children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The longitudinal sample included 646 children (48% girls; 52% boys; 36.2% Black, 23.4% Hispanic, 40.4% White) who were 4 to 5 years old in 1986 and who were followed up at ages 8 to 9 and ages 12 to 13. Levels of self-regulation (assessed with 12 maternal-report items that measured regulation of affect, behavior, attention) increased from early childhood (when sample children were 4 or 5 years old) to middle childhood (ages 8 or 9), but not from middle childhood to early adolescence (ages 12 or 13). Girls exhibited significantly higher levels of self-regulation than did boys at all 3 time points. Individual differences in self-regulation were fairly stable across the 8-year span (rs = .47 to .50). Comparisons of 1-, 2-, and 3-factor models suggested that the different aspects of self-regulation are highly interrelated, and support adoption of a single-factor model for both genders. The authors discuss implications of these findings for theory and intervention.