Stimulated release of tissue plasminogen activator from artery wall sympathetic nerves: implications for stress-associated wall damage

Recurrent stress is clinically associated with early onset hypertension and coronary artery disease. A mechanism linking emotion to pathogenic remodeling of the artery wall has not been identified. Stress stimulates acute regulated release of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) into the circulation, which is presently attributed to the vascular endothelium. Sympathetic neurons also synthesize t-PA and axonally transport it to the arterial smooth muscle. Unlike release by the endothelium, a stress-stimulated sympathetic discharge would potentially accelerate degradation of the wall matrix by plasmin. To assess whether sympathetic axons are the principal source of acute stress-induced arterial release of t-PA, we compared the output from small densely innervated and large sparsely innervated isolated artery segments before and after sympathetic stimulation, and after ablations. Following phenylephrine infusion densely-innervated microvessels in uveal eyecups were released over 60-fold greater amounts of active t-PA per milligram than the sparsely innervated aorta; and ten-fold more than carotid artery segments. Mesenteric artery release was 4.8-fold greater than release by the carotid artery. In vivo, uveal release of t-PA increased more than three-fold within one minute following superior cervical sympathetic ganglion electrical stimulation, and after phenylephrine, or nicotine infusions of the anterior chamber. Circulating levels of t-PA fell 70% following chemical sympathectomy. We propose that sympathetic nerves are the primary source of stress-induced release of t-PA into and from the densely innervated resistance arteries and arterioles, where dysregulated plasmin-induced proteolysis could damage the wall matrix.     

Antipsychotic medication adherence, cocaine use, and recidivism among a parolee sample

This study examined the independent and interactive associations between cocaine use and antipsychotic medication adherence in predicting 12 month criminal recidivism among a sample of mentally ill parolees (N = 200). Consistent with prior research, cocaine use (based on hair assays) was associated with more than a threefold increase (relative to non-cocaine users) in the likelihood of a parolee being returned to custody during the follow-up period. Although medication adherence (based on urine specimens) was not independently associated with a significant reduction in recidivism risk, the interaction between cocaine use and medication adherence was significant, revealing a disproportionate impact of medication adherence specific to cocaine users. Prediction models of recidivism based on self-reported measures of medication adherence and cocaine use revealed only marginally significant trends for cocaine use, no effect for adherence, and no significant interaction between these two predictors.     

内省的心理学新探─—自我观察与心理调适

本文对内省作为一种心理学的基本方法作了历史回顾。作者还把内省看作人的某种个性倾向或心理特征尝试进行实证研究。调查结果表明,内省在被试看来,是自我概念形成与发展所必不可少的。结果还使作者确信,对内省联系个体心理与行为的调适作实证研究,不仅可行,而且有益。     

合体汉字字形识别过程探索

该研究用微观发生范式探索了合体汉字和假字的字形识别过程 ,结果发现 :(1 )部件字、真字和假字的正确提取率随呈现时间增长而提高 ,字形刺激的特征加工是一个有序的发展过程 ,对字形的识别加工过程受字形熟悉性和字形结构方式的影响 ;(2 )在左右型字刺激和上下型字刺激中 ,经常首先从右部件或下部件中提取笔画或笔画组合 (称首特征 ) ,而且首特征的提取不受字形熟悉性影响。根据以上结果可以推测 ,字形结构属性在字形识别加工的最初阶段先于特征获加工 ,字形熟悉性则对首特征提取后的特征或部件加工过程产生影响。     

学业不良学生类型与特点的聚类分析

该研究运用Ｑ聚类分析对上海市区１４８０名初中预备班学生的能力和个性特征进行分类研究。结果发现１４８０名被试中存有心理发展水平不同的六个主要类别,这些类别与学生学业成绩的优劣关系密切。同时,３５３名差生可分为四个主要类型：即,暂时性困难学生、能力型困难学生、动力型困难学生和整体性困难学生,不同类型的差生具有不同的特点。这为针对不同类型学生的特点制定有效的教育措施提供了依据。     

铁路灯光信号显示的一些研究

铁路色灯信号不论在白天或夜间都指挥着列车的运行,其显示好坏直接关系到列车的安全和效率。影响色灯信号显示的因素很多,如光源参数,光系统结构,灯光散角,天气好坏等。而色灯信号的颜色,观察距离(或视张角)以及亮对比度是人对信号识别的三个较重要因素,所以我们想从这三个方面来讨论信号灯光显示问题。     

无神论、宗教与道德

要讲清无神论与道德问题,首先要讲清宗教与 道德问题。我们就从宗教与道德讲起。 第一部分:实践部分 一、布什到清华大学演讲,鼓励学生们信宗 教,说信了宗教,道德就高尚。 二、宗教界有不少人说,信了教,道德就高 尚。不信教,无法无天,无恶不作。 三、宗教研究的学者,也有不少人说,信了教 道德就高尚。并且援引某些资料说,某某地区信教 的多,犯罪率就低。某某人信了教,改掉了过去的 毛病。     

How does green advertising skepticism on social media affect consumer intention to purchase green products?

Underpinned by the stimulus–organism–response model, this study explores the underlying mechanism through which green advertising skepticism on social media affects consumer green purchase intention. It also investigates the boundary factors that moderate this indirect relationship. Performing structural equation modeling on data collected from an online survey on Sina Weibo, this study finds that green advertising skepticism on social media negatively affects green purchase intention through the mediation of perceived information utility. Moreover, interdependent self‐construal positively moderates, and independent self‐construal negatively moderates this indirect relationship. These findings suggest that truthful and consumer‐tailored green advertising is crucial to green product marketing.     

Event-related potential as a measure of effects of report order and training on identification of multidimensional stimuli

This experiment investigated effects of report order and training on multidimensional stimulus identification. Subjects were required to identify each two-dimensional symbol. There were two orders of reporting the two dimensions of a stimulus. Subjects performed the task for three practice sessions. Both behavioral data and event-related potentials were recorded. Analysis showed order of report had no significant effect on behavior data. But when participants responded in Order Shape/ Part, they showed more N2 inhibition for Order Part/Shape. The P3 mean amplitude was marginally significantly greater for Order Part/Shape than Order Shape/Part. This indicated Order Part/Shape, according to natural language habits, was more appropriate and less cognitively demanding than Order Shape/Part. For the two report orders, along with reduction of reaction time, amplitude of N1 and N2 increased with practice. Amplitude of P2 decreased with practice, and no P3 habituation was found. ERP data indicated no habituation effect. Results suggested neural activity depended not only on perceptual mechanism but also on extent of learning.     

Predictors of Attributional Style Change in Children

A number of studies have supported the hypothesis that negative attributional styles may confer vulnerability to the development of depression. The goal of this study was to explore factors that may contribute to the development of negative attributional styles in children. As hypothesized, elevated levels of depressive symptoms and hopelessness at the initial assessment predicted negative changes in children's attributional styles over the 6-month follow-up period. In addition, elevated levels of verbal victimization occurring between the 2 assessments, as well as that occurring in the 6 months preceding the initial assessment, prospectively predicted negative changes in children's attributional styles over the follow-up. Further, initial depressive symptoms and verbal victimization during the follow-up continued to significantly predict attributional style change even when the overlap among the predictors was statistically controlled. Contrary to the hypotheses, however, neither parent-reported levels of overall negative life events nor parents' attributions for their children's events predicted changes in children's attributional styles.