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121.
Clare A. M. Sutherland Gillian Rhodes Nichola S. Burton Andrew W. Young 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2020,111(2):215-232
Influential facial impression models have repeatedly shown that trustworthiness, youthful–attractiveness, and dominance dimensions subserve a wide variety of first impressions formed from strangers’ faces, suggestive of a shared social reality. However, these models are built from impressions aggregated across observers. Critically, recent work has now shown substantial inter-observer differences in facial impressions, raising the important question of whether these dimensional models based on aggregated group data are meaningful at the individual observer level. We addressed this question with a novel case series approach, using factor analyses of ratings of twelve different traits to build individual models of facial impressions for different observers. Strikingly, three dimensions of trustworthiness, youthful/attractiveness, and competence/dominance appeared across the majority of these individual observer models, demonstrating that the dimensional approach is indeed meaningful at the individual level. Nonetheless, we also found differences in the stability of the competence/dominance dimension across observers. Taken together, results suggest that individual differences in impressions arise in the context of a largely common structure that supports a shared social reality. 相似文献
122.
Ronald M. Rapee Therese Shaw Caroline Hunt Kay Bussey Jennifer L. Hudson Cathrine Mihalopoulos Clare Roberts Sally Fitzpatrick Naomi Radom Tommy Cordin Melanie Epstein Donna Cross 《Aggressive behavior》2020,46(3):193-209
Despite the extensive evaluation of school-based interventions for bullying, victimization remains a significant problem in schools. Bullying victimization is significantly predicted by contextual (school-related) factors. As a consequence whole-school programs have been commonly used to prevent and reduce bullying victimization. Evidence also points to individual risk factors (such as emotional distress) in predicting victimization, yet programs to prevent bullying victimization by changing these individual risks are far less developed. Few studies have approximated “real-world” implementation conditions in their trials. The current effectiveness trial evaluated the combination of a whole-school program designed to prevent bullying perpetration and victimization together with a targeted intervention for at-risk students, teaching them individual and dyadic strategies to reduce their anxiety and manage victimization, allowing schools some latitude to implement programs as they typically would. Students from Grades 3 and 4 (N = 8,732) across 135 schools were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: combined intervention; whole-school intervention only; individual intervention only; and care as usual. Victimization decreased significantly and similarly across all four conditions at 12 and 24 months following baseline. Similar reductions and failure to discriminate conditions were found on other key constructs: anxiety; bullying perpetration; and depression. Possible reasons for the failure to demonstrate victimization prevention differences and lessons learned from this large, effectiveness trial are considered. 相似文献
123.
VanSolkema Maegan McCann Clare Barker-Collo Suzanne Foster Allison 《Neuropsychology review》2020,30(3):345-361
Neuropsychology Review - Background and aim: Communication difficulties are one of the hallmark characteristics of adults following traumatic brain injury (TBI), a difficulty that incorporates... 相似文献
124.
What properties determine visually perceived space? We discovered that the perceived relative distances of familiar objects in natural settings depended in unexpected ways onthe surrounding visual field. Observers bisected egocentric distances in a lobby, in a hallway, and on an open lawn. Three key findings were the following: (1) Perceived midpoints were too far from the observer, which is the opposite of the common foreshortening effect. (2) This antiforeshortening constant error depended on the environmental setting--greatest in the lobby and hall but nonsignificant on the lawn. (3) Context also affected distance discrimination; variability was greater in the hall than in the lobby or on the lawn. A second experiment replicated these findings, using a method of constant stimuli. Evidently, both the accuracy and the precision of perceived distance depend on subtle properties of the surrounding environment. 相似文献
125.
The Impact of Breast Cancer Genetic Risk Assessment on Intentions to Perform Cancer Surveillance Behaviors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bennett P Wilkinson C Turner J Griffith G France B Brain K Gray J 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(5):617-623
One hundred and fifty-four women undergoing breast/ovarian cancer genetic risk assessment completed questionnaires at entry into the Cancer Genetic Service for Wales (CGSW) assessment program and following risk provision, mapping the strength of intentions to engage in a number of preventive/surveillance behaviors, including seeing specialists, breast self-examination, and involvement in screening programs, including mammography. A number of potential predictors of intentions were also assessed, including participants' mood and emotional response to receiving risk information, the perceived benefits (in terms of reassurance and early disease detection) of engaging in each preventive behavior, and the perceived desires of their family and General Practitioner. Intentions to self-examine did not change following risk provision, although strength of intentions to engage in some other preventive behaviors did lessen. Family and General Practitioners appeared to be strong social influences on behavioral intentions, as were the perceived benefits of gaining reassurance and/or early detection of disease. 相似文献
126.
We investigated the associations among perceived fidelity to family-centered systems of care, family empowerment, and improvements
in children's problem behaviors. Participants included 79 families, interviewed at two time points across a one-year period.
Paired samples t-tests indicated that problem behaviors decreased significantly across a one-year period. Hierarchical multiple regressions
indicated that both fidelity to family-centered systems of care and family empowerment independently predicted positive change in children's problem behavior over a one-year period. However, when family empowerment is entered
first in the regression, the relationship between fidelity to family-centered systems of care and change in children's problem
behavior drops out, indicating that family empowerment mediates the relationship between family-centered care and positive
changes in problem behaviors. Consistent with other literature on help-giving practices, family empowerment appears to be
an important mechanism of change within the system of care philosophy of service delivery. Implications for practice and staff
training are discussed. 相似文献
127.
128.
The purpose of the present studies was to evaluate the utility of a group-administered version of the n-back, or lag task. Experiments 1 and 2 describe the construction of the task and reveal that the modified lag task (MLT) produces the same performance trends as have been observed in individually administered versions of the lag task; performance decreased significantly as lag conditions increased in difficulty. Experiments 3 and 4 established convergent validity by comparing the MLT to another common working memory task, the operation-word span task, as well as the updated version of this task, the automatic operation span task. The results showed that MLT performance was significantly correlated to scores on both measures. These experiments provide important details about the MLT as a measure of working memory, in a group- or individual-administration setting. 相似文献
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130.