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71.
72.
Experimental evidence is presented which explores the social stimulus value of pregnancy. It was found that, for men especially, the pregnant woman elicits avoidance and staring and that these responses occur primarily because pregnancy is a novel visual stimulus. For women, avoidance seems to be tied less to the stimulus aspects of the pregnant woman than to role expectations about her behavior. The pregnant woman is expected to be passive, but is simultaneously rejected for being so. It is argued that this constellation of responses may produce discomfort and withdrawal in the pregnant woman herself, since avoidance and staring are easily interpreted as negative reactions. How these reactions fit into the cultural response to pregnancy is discussed. 相似文献
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74.
Milburn NG Rotheram-Borus MJ Rice E Mallet S Rosenthal D 《American journal of community psychology》2006,37(1-2):63-76
Cross-national comparisons of homeless youth in Melbourne, Australia, and Los Angeles, CA, United States were conducted. Newly (n = 427) and experienced (n = 864) homeless youth were recruited from each site. Compared to Australia, homeless youth in the United States were younger, more likely to be in school or jail, demonstrated fewer sexual and substance use risk acts, fewer suicidal acts, and reported less need for social services. Across sites, experienced homeless youth were more likely to be older, male, engage in sexual and substance use, report greater need for social services, and make greater use of work, substance use, and health-related services. Homeless youth have different behavioral profiles in Australia and the United States, reflecting differences in the effectiveness of service systems in the two countries in keeping youth with fewer problems out of homelessness. 相似文献
75.
Links PS Eynan R Heisel MJ Barr A Korzekwa M McMain S Ball JS 《Journal of personality disorders》2007,21(1):72-86
This study employed an Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM) to test whether various elements of affective instability can predict future suicide ideation in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and a history of recurrent suicidal behavior. Eighty-two individuals with BPD and a history of recurrent suicidal behavior were followed prospectively for one month during which time they recorded their current mood states, 6 times daily over three weeks. Accounting for a set of robust suicide risk factors in multiple regression analyses, only negative mood intensity was significantly related to intensity of self-reported suicide ideation and to number of suicidal behaviors over the past year. Other elements of affective instability examined (e.g., mood amplitude, dyscontrol, and reactivity) were not associated with future suicide ideation or with recent suicidal behavior. Affective instability in patients with BPD is highly variable from one individual to another and is characterized by high levels of intense negative mood. These negative mood states, versus other aspects of mood variability, seem to be more closely tied to the occurrence of suicidal ideation and behavior. 相似文献
76.
Social Neuroscience: Progress and Implications for Mental Health 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
John T. Cacioppo David G. Amaral Jack J. Blanchard Judy L. Cameron C. Sue Carter David Crews Susan Fiske Todd Heatherton Marcia K. Johnson Michael J. Kozak Robert W. Levenson Catherine Lord Earl K. Miller Kevin Ochsner Marcus E. Raichle M. Tracie Shea Shelley E. Taylor Larry J. Young Kevin J. Quinn 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2007,2(2):99-123
ABSTRACT— Social neuroscience is a new, interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding how biological systems implement social processes and behavior. Social neuroscience capitalizes on biological concepts and methods to inform and refine theories of social behavior, and it uses social and behavioral constructs and data to inform and refine theories of neural organization and function. We focus here on the progress and potential of social neuroscience in the area of mental health. Research in social neuroscience has grown dramatically in recent years. Among the most active areas of research we found are brain-imaging studies in normal children and adults; animal models of social behavior; studies of stroke patients; imaging studies of psychiatric patients; and research on social determinants of peripheral neural, neuroendocrine, and immunological processes. We also found that these areas of research are proceeding along largely independent trajectories. Our goals in this article are to review the development of this field, examine some currently promising approaches, identify obstacles and opportunities for future advances and integration, and consider how this research can inform work on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. 相似文献
77.
Nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME) models remain popular among practitioners for analyzing continuous repeated measures data taken on each of a number of individuals when interest centers on characterizing individual-specific change. Within this framework, variation and correlation among the repeated measurements may be partitioned into interindividual variation and intraindividual variation components. The covariance structure of the residuals are, in many applications, consigned to be independent with homogeneous variances, $ {\sigma}^2{\mathbf{I}}_{n_i} $ , not because it is believed that intraindividual variation adheres to this structure, but because many software programs that estimate parameters of such models are not well-equipped to handle other, possibly more realistic, patterns. In this article, we describe how the programmatic environment within SAS may be utilized to model residual structures for serial correlation and variance heterogeneity. An empirical example is used to illustrate the capabilities of the module. 相似文献
78.
Samuel B. Green Yanyun Yang Mary Alt Shara Brinkley Shelley Gray Tiffany Hogan Nelson Cowan 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2016,23(3):750-763
Reliabilities of scores for experimental tasks are likely to differ from one study to another to the extent that the task stimuli change, the number of trials varies, the type of individuals taking the task changes, the administration conditions are altered, or the focal task variable differs. Given that reliabilities vary as a function of the design of these tasks and the characteristics of the individuals taking them, making inferences about the reliability of scores in an ongoing study based on reliability estimates from prior studies is precarious. Thus, it would be advantageous to estimate reliability based on data from the ongoing study. We argue that internal consistency estimates of reliability are underutilized for experimental task data and in many applications could provide this information using a single administration of a task. We discuss different methods for computing internal consistency estimates with a generalized coefficient alpha and the conditions under which these estimates are accurate. We illustrate use of these coefficients using data for three different tasks. 相似文献
79.
Blake Victor Kent James C. Davidson Ying Zhang Kenneth I. Pargament Tyler J. VanderWeele Harold G. Koenig Lynn G. Underwood Neal Krause Alka M. Kanaya Shelley S. Tworoger Anna B. Schachter Shelley A. Cole Marcia O'Leary Yvette C. Cozier Martha L. Daviglus Aida L. Giachello Tracy Zacher Julie R. Palmer Alexandra E. Shields 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2021,60(1):198-215
Social scientists have increasingly recognized the lack of diversity in survey research on American religion, resulting in a dearth of data on religion and spirituality (R/S) in understudied racial and ethnic groups. At the same time, epidemiological studies have increasingly diversified their racial and ethnic representation, but have collected few R/S measures to date. With a particular focus on American Indian and South Asian women (in addition to Blacks, Hispanic/Latinas, and white women), this study introduces a new effort among religion and epidemiology researchers, the Study on Stress, Spirituality, and Health. This multicohort study provides some of the first estimates of R/S beliefs and practices among American Indians and U.S. South Asians, and offers new insight into salient beliefs and practices of diverse racial/ethnic and religious communities. 相似文献
80.
Lyle KB Hanaver-Torrez SD Hackländer RP Edlin JM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2012,38(1):187-193
Research has shown that consistently right-handed individuals have poorer memory than do inconsistently right- or left-handed individuals under baseline conditions but more reliably exhibit enhanced memory retrieval after making a series of saccadic eye movements. From this it could be that consistent versus inconsistent handedness, regardless of left/right direction, is an important individual difference factor in memory. Or, more specifically, it could be the presence or absence of consistent right-handedness that matters for memory. To resolve this ambiguity, we compared consistent and inconsistent left- and right-handers on associative recognition tests taken after saccades or a no-saccades control activity. Consistent-handers exhibited poorer memory than did inconsistent-handers following the control activity, and saccades enhanced retrieval for consistent-handers only. Saccades impaired retrieval for inconsistent-handers. None of these effects depended on left/right direction. Hence, this study establishes handedness consistency, regardless of direction, as an important individual difference factor in memory. 相似文献