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191.
The current studies attempted to increase individuals’ internalization of their own difficult or unpleasant goals, using either
a low-level or a high-level writing intervention. Two writing studies showed that an appropriate match between level of goal-relevant
skill (low versus high) and level of prompted goal-cognition (low versus high) enhances motivation. Those lower in initial
skills were more likely to internalize their goals over time (Studies 1 and 2) and report greater goal expectancies (Study
2) if they wrote about the “how” of the goals, whereas those higher in initial skills were more likely to experience these
positive outcomes by writing about the “why” of goals. This interaction pattern was found in both a short-term experimental
study of health goals (Study 1) and in a 2 month longitudinal study of academic goals (Study 2). Results are discussed in
the context of action identification theory and of self-regulation, which emphasize allocating attention to the right level
of abstraction for optimal functioning. 相似文献
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193.
Michael O’Brien Stephen Mellalieu Sheldon Hanton 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(3):293-306
Using a goal-setting model (Burton, Naylor, & Holliday, 2001), the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a goal-setting intervention upon performance as a function of skill level. A multiple-baseline across-individuals single subject design was employed with 3 elite and 3 nonelite male boxers aged between 15–17 years (M = 16; SD = 1). Self-generated performance behaviors, competition outcome, competitive anxiety intensity and direction, and self-confidence were measured across a competitive season (10-fight period). Retention was also examined following treatment withdrawal (2-fight period). During and after the goal program was completed, the elite participants displayed consistent improvements in targeted behaviors, more facilitative interpretations of anxiety symptoms, and greater self-confidence, whereas the nonelite revealed inconsistent patterns. Postintervention, five out of the six boxers showed improvement in the percentage of fights won. The results highlight the diverse effects of goal-setting for different populations, with social validation data suggesting potential mechanism via the goal-setting model employed and changes to attentional focus. 相似文献
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Cox CR Arndt J Pyszczynski T Greenberg J Abdollahi A Solomon S 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,94(4):696-717
Six studies examined the role of young adults' parental attachment in terror management. Studies 1-3 revealed that activating thoughts of one's parent in response to mortality salience (MS) reduced death-thought accessibility and worldview defense and increased feelings of self-worth. Studies 4-5 demonstrated that MS led to greater ease of recalling positive maternal interactions and greater difficulty recalling negative interactions, and increased attraction to a stranger who was described as being similar to one's parent. If reliance on parents for terror management purposes reflects the operation of attachment mechanisms, then such effects should vary on the basis of an individual's attachment style. Study 6 demonstrated that, after MS, insecure individuals were more likely to rely on relationships with their parents, whereas secure individuals were more likely to rely on relationships with romantic partners. 相似文献
198.
These studies tested the hypothesis that evaluating goal feedback in terms of a primary, longer term goal can be risky for future motivation. Study 1 was a 2 x 2 experiment in which framing level (primary goal/subgoal) and feedback valence (success/failure) were manipulated for participants during a verbal skills task. In the primary goal failure condition, there was increased negative mood and decreased positive mood and expectancy for subsequent trials, even while controlling for goal difficulty and importance. Study 2 was an 8-week study throughout which participants were asked to evaluate their progress regarding a primary goal (class grade goal) or subgoal (weekly study hours goal), and success or failure varied naturally. When progress was lacking, participants in the primary goal condition experienced the largest decreases in mood and expectancy. These results suggest that it is optimal to evaluate goal progress at the lower, subgoal level, particularly after failure feedback. 相似文献
199.
Clay Routledge Jamie Arndt Matthew Vess Kennon M. Sheldon 《Motivation and emotion》2008,32(4):331-338
Research in terror management theory suggests that our connections to others function, in part, to provide protection from
the anxiety associated with the awareness of inevitable death. The individuating nature of creative expression can potentially
undermine these connections, making creativity particularly problematic when one is dealing with mortality concerns. Consistent
with this, a number of findings have elucidated emotional consequences associated with creativity when mortality concerns
are active. However, to date, research has not focused on how mortality awareness may impact levels of creativity. The present
study assessed the hypothesis that mortality concerns will inhibit creative behavior that threatens social connections but
will not undermine and may even facilitate creative behavior that bolsters social connections. The results showed that amplified
concerns about mortality decreased creativity when the act was self-directed but not when it was community-directed. Theoretical
implications and future directions are discussed. 相似文献
200.
Growing evidence suggests that well-being interventions can be effective. However, it is unclear whether happiness-increasing practices are equally effective for individuals from different cultural backgrounds. To investigate this question, Anglo Americans and predominantly foreign-born Asian Americans were randomly assigned to express optimism, convey gratitude, or list their past experiences (control group). Multilevel analyses indicated that participants in the optimism and gratitude conditions reported enhanced life satisfaction relative to those in the control condition. However, Anglo Americans in the treatment conditions demonstrated larger increases in life satisfaction relative to Asian Americans, while both cultural groups in the control condition showed the least improvement. These results are consistent with the idea that the value individualist cultures place on self-improvement and personal agency bolsters the efforts of Anglo Americans to become more satisfied, whereas collectivist cultures' de-emphasis of self-focus and individual goals interferes with the efforts of Asian Americans to pursue enhanced well-being. 相似文献