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331.
Sheila Jones 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1968,20(1):74-78
Four semantically equivalent instructions were used for a classification task, in which response was required to the larger of two classes of items. The variables in the instructions were (1) the explicitness of the negative used to define the smaller class, and (2) the order of reference to this class within the sentence. Superior performance was obtained with instructions containing “except” compared with those using “not,” regardless of order. Analysis of the self-instructions generated by the subjects, prior to performance, indicated that their form was largely determined by the given instruction. Speed of performance was related to form of self-instruction elicited prior to the task, but not to that elicited after completion of the task. 相似文献
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333.
Differences between the sexes in attributions for positive and negative outcomes in either affiliative or achievement situations were examined using the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ). Separate regression analyses for each sex related the ASQ to a measure of helplessness and the Beck Depression Inventory. No differences were noted for attributions to internality or stability; however, females attributed more global causality to positive outcome affiliative situations and negative outcome achievement situations. Regression analyses failed to support the helplessness attributional model of depression. No ratings on the ASQ predicted depression for males; furthermore, for females, only the internal/external dimension was relevant, moderated by both outcome and type of situation. Sex differences were discussed in light of the higher incidence of depression among females. 相似文献
334.
Professor Sheila Jasanoff Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(3):263-276
This paper addresses, and seeks to correct, some frequent misunderstandings concerning the claim that science is socially
constructed. It describes several features of scientific inquiry that have been usefully illuminated by constructivist studies
of science, including the mundane or tacit skills involved in research, the social relationships in scientific laboratories,
the causes of scientific controversy, and the interconnection of science and culture. Social construction, the paper argues,
should be seen not as an alternative to but an enhancement of scientists’ own professional understanding of how science is
done. The richer, more finely textured accounts of scientific practice that the constructivist approach provides are potentially
of great relevance to public policy.
This paper is based on a Topical Lecture presented at AMSIE'96, the 162nd National Meeting of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science. Baltimore, Maryland, 8–13 February 1996. The views expressed are those of the author and do not
reflect the opinions of the AAAS or its Board of Directors. For permission to cite or quote any part of this paper please
refer to the author for permission. 相似文献
335.
In the course of a prospective longitudinal study, we examined age of onset of behavior problems in a group of boys and girls identified with attention deficit disorder (ADD) at age 11. Onset occurred during the preschool years, by the first year of schooling, or by the end of the second year of school. Onset was strongly related to informant source at age 11, pattern of comorbidity of disorder at age 11, and developmental language, perceptual motor, and IQ measures. Onset by the first year of schooling was particularly related to poor reading skills. By age 15, nearly three-quarters of those with onset of problems before age 6 had one or more DSM-III disorders. 相似文献
336.
Rolf G. Jacob Sheila R. Woody Duncan B. Clark Scott O. Lilienfeld Barry E. Hirsch Gail D. Kucera Joseph M. Furman John D. Durrant 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1993,15(4):299-324
Space and motion discomfort (SMD) refers to the situational specificity of symptoms occurring in some patients with vestibular dysfunction, such as those with balance disorders and some with panic disorder. SMD occurs in situations characterized by inadequate visual or kinesthetic information for normal spatial orientation. We report the results of two studies of the construct validity of the Situational Characteristics Questionnaire (SitQ), which has two subscales, both of which measure SMD: the SMD-I and SMD-II. In Study 1, the SitQ was administered to members of a self-help group for balance disorders, a psychiatric sample consisting of patients with panic disorder, nonpanic anxiety disorders, depression, and a sample of normals. SMD levels were the highest in the self-help balance group, next to the highest in the panic groups, and lowest in the remaining groups. In Study 2, the SitQ was administered to otolaryngological patients with vestibular dysfunction and to patients with hearing loss. SMD levels were higher in the vestibular patients. Data on internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity are presented. The SitQ, particularly the SMD-II, is recommended for quantifying space and motion discomfort in patients with anxiety and/or balance disorders.Study 1 was funded by MH 40757. Study 2 was funded by a grant from the Upjohn Company and MH 19816. 相似文献
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338.
Elizabeth S. Bryant Sheila J. Floyd Alberto B. Santos Christopher J. Colangelo 《Journal of Clinical Geropsychology》1999,5(2):91-104
A systematic approach for monitoring case management service provision and the results obtained when this approach was applied to a program for community-dwelling elders with severe mental illness are presented. A detailed, closed-ended, daily service log was used to collect data on 713 client-contact days. Participants (N = 24) were predominantly female (71%), were White (63%) or African American (37%), and tended to have diagnoses of either schizophrenia (42%) or major depression (21%). Services were delivered most frequently in the client's home (47%), the program office (35%), or by phone (27%); most frequent activities were monitoring psychiatric symptoms/medications (62 %), and monitoring physical symptoms or medications or both (54%). Service characteristics did not differ with regard to demographics but did vary with living situation and psychiatric diagnosis. The findings point to the need for flexible programs capable of meeting diverse service needs as well as the utility of a daily service log in studying case management. 相似文献
339.
340.
David M Ledgerwood Sheila M Alessi Tressa Hanson Mark D Godley Nancy M Petry 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2008,41(4):517-526
Contingency management (CM) is effective in enhancing retention in therapy. After an 8-week baseline, four community-based substance abuse treatment clinics were exposed in random order to 16 weeks of standard care with CM followed by 16 weeks of standard care without CM or vice versa. In total, 75 outpatients participated. Patients who were enrolled in the clinics when the CM treatment phase was in effect attended a significantly greater percentage of therapy sessions than patients who were enrolled in treatment when CM was not in effect. This study is one of the first to investigate CM in community settings implemented entirely by community clinicians, and results suggest that CM is effective in improving therapy attendance. 相似文献