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71.
Benjamin D. Lester Lauren N. Hecht Shaun P. Vecera 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(4):654-659
Attended stimuli reach perceptual-level processes before unattended stimuli do, a finding that is referred to as visual prior entry. We asked whether a similar effect arises for salient objects (foreground figures) in a visual scene. If prior entry holds
for figure—ground perception, targets will be perceived to appear earlier on figures than on grounds. Participants performed
a temporal order judgment by reporting the order in which targets appeared. Participants perceived that targets appearing
on foreground figures occurred earlier than did those appearing on backgrounds. These findings did not result from a response
bias for targets appearing on figures. Most important, when figures and grounds were spatially separated and did not share
an edge, no prior-entry effects were observed. Our results suggest that figural regions are available to perceptual-level
processes sooner than are grounds. 相似文献
72.
Joseph R. Ferrari Shaun E. Cowman Lauren A. Milner Robert E. Gutierrez Peter A. Drake 《Social Psychology of Education》2009,12(4):515-528
Academic staff (n = 305) and administrative staff (n = 595) at a large urban, Catholic, and religious order teaching university completed on-line school sense of community, social
desirability, and mission-identity plus mission-driven activity measures. Partial correlates (controlling for social desirability)
indicated that for both faculty and staff a sense of community with co-workers and with administrators were significantly
related to mission-identity characteristics of the university. Moreover, regression analyses found that for faculty and staff
significant predictors of school sense of community variables were perceptions that the university was innovative and inclusive
of pragmatic and risk-taking ideas. For staff but not for faculty, a feeling of Catholic pluralism on campus was a significant
predictor of a sense of community with co-workers. These outcomes suggest that employees at faith-based universities may strengthen
their school sense of community by institutional practices and programs that foster creating a setting for innovative, inclusive,
pragmatic, and risk-taking policies, but not necessarily religious practices on campus. 相似文献
73.
This study investigated the extent to which reported gender differences in values are attributable to differences in national
culture and organizational seniority. Locus of control and affectivity scores were obtained from 4599 managers and employees
in business organizations located in 14 countries. Across nations, men and those in senior positions were more internal and
less affective. Gender effects were additional to those attributable to status. Respondents in nations scoring higher on an
index of modernity were found to be less internal. A pan-cultural factor analysis of locus of control items yielded four subscales.
Men and those in senior positions scored higher on Socio-Political Control and Effort, but no differences were found on the
Luck and Active Friendship subscales. The results are contrasted with those obtained from single-nation samples using student
subjects.
We acknowledge receipt of ESRC Grant R 000 22 1552, which aided the completion of this study, and the helpful comments of
Michael Bond and John E. Williams upon an earlier version. 相似文献
74.
Visualimage segmentation is the process by which the visual system groups features that are part of a single shape. Is image segmentation a bottom-up or an interactive process? In Experiments 1 and 2, we presented subjects with two overlapping shapes and asked them to determine whether two probed locations were on the same shape or on different shapes. The availability of top-down support was manipulated by presenting either upright or rotated letters. Subjects were fastest to respond when the shapes corresponded to familiar shapes—the upright letters. In Experiment 3, we used a variant of this segmentation task to rule out the possibility that subjects performed same/different judgments after segmentation and recognition of both letters. Finally, in Experiment 4,we ruled out the possibility that the advantage for upright letters was merely due to faster recognition of upright letters relative to rotated letters. The results suggested that the previous effects were not due to faster recognition of upright letters; stimulus familiarity influenced segmentation per se. The results are discussed in terms of an interactive model of visual image segmentation. 相似文献
75.
Jere Brophy 《American journal of community psychology》1991,19(3):371-377
Breadth of scope and inclusion of teachers as co-investigators made the Weinstein et al. intervention unusually powerful and well adapted to its context although its effects are difficult to interpret. Future efforts might build on this model by expanding its purview even further, particularly by including more self-report data, attending to educational aims and curricular content in addition to instructional method, addressing the value aspects as well as the expectancy aspects of motivation, and seeking to develop enduring dispositions of motivation to learn in students and autonomous goal setting in teachers. 相似文献
76.
77.
We investigated whether the lower region effect on figure-ground organization (Vecera, Vogel, & Woodman, 2002) would generalize
to contextual depth planes in vertical orientations, as is predicted by a theoretical analysis based on the ecological statistics
of edges arising from objects that are attached to surfaces of support. Observers viewed left/right ambiguous figure-ground
displays that occluded middle sections of four types of contextual inducers: two types of attached, receding, vertical planes
(walls) that used linear perspective and/or texture gradients to induce perceived depth and two types of similar trapezoidal
control figures that used either uniform color or random texture to reduce or eliminate perceived depth. The results showed
a reliable bias toward seeing as “figure” the side of the figure-ground display that was attached to the receding depth plane,
but no such bias for the corresponding side in either of the control conditions. The results are interpreted as being consistent
with the attachment hypothesis that the lower region cue to figure-ground organization results from ecological biases in edge
interpretation that arise when objects are attached to supporting surfaces in the terrestrial gravitational field. 相似文献
78.
Davidson PS Cook SP Glisky EL 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2006,13(2):196-206
Flashbulb memories (FMs) are vivid, long-lasting memories for the source of surprising, arousing news. Laboratory studies have consistently found that older adults, especially those with below-average frontal lobe (FL) function, are impaired in source memory relative to young. We tested memory for the source of news concerning the September 11th terrorist attacks in older adults with high or low frontal lobe function and in young people. We found no age differences in source memory a year after the event and no differences related to FL function. Flashbulb memories may be different from usual cases of source memory because of their emotional content, personal importance, or social relevance. 相似文献
79.
Four pigeons discriminated whether a target spot appeared on a colored figural shape or on a differently colored background by first pecking the target and then reporting its location: on the figure or the background. We recorded three dependent variables: target detection time, choice response time, and choice accuracy. The birds were faster to detect the target, to report its location, and to learn the correct response on figure trials than on background trials. Later tests suggested that the pigeons might have attended to the figural region as a whole rather than using local properties in performing the figure-background discrimination. The location of the figural region did not affect figure-ground assignment. Finally, when 4 other pigeons had to detect and peck the target without making a choice report, no figural advantage emerged in target detection time, suggesting that the birds' attention may not have been automatically summoned to the figural region. 相似文献
80.
Joseph?R.?FerrariEmail author Monica?Kapoor Shaun?Cowman 《Social Psychology of Education》2005,8(2):207-221
Little is known of how institutional and individual value systems are related among university undergraduates. With three different measures and samples of college students, perceptions of university mission and values (i.e., institutional values, creating pro-social climates, and developing a life-long commitment to values) loaded independently of their personal values systems, and often negatively with social desirability. Perceptions of institutional values were generally independent of personal value systems, using either a rank-order (Sample 1, n = 199) or rating scale method (Sample 2, n = 107), or by focusing on moral behavior structures (Sample 3, n = 208). Together, these results indicate that higher education assessment may reflect institutional values that are independent of student personal value systems.Portions of this paper were presented at the 2004 Institute for College Student Values, Tallahassee, FL 相似文献