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1.
Shifra Sagy Eliahu Stern Shaul Krakover 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(5):657-676
This study examines macro and micro factors influencing the development of sense of community (Davidson & Cotter, 1980) in
two different populations (immigrants and veterans) in new temporary neighborhoods in Israel. At the macrolevel, the major
factors examined were population size, population density, number of dwelling units in the site, urbanity of the area, ethnic
heterogeneity, and peripheriality of the region. Three kinds of variables were examined on the microlevel: (a) personal attitudes:
evaluation of the dwelling unit and satisfaction with public services; (b) social networks; and (c) sociodemographic characteristics.
Data were collected from 242 immigrants from the former USSR and from 60 Israeli veterans, residing in 5 different sites.
Two different patterns of predictors of sense of community emerged in the two different samples. In the veteran sample, only
one macrolevel variable entered the stepwise analysis equation: the number of dwelling units in the site. In the immigrant
sample, three significant microlevel factors entered the equation: evaluation of the dwelling unit, external network, and
age. The data thus suggest that the major determinant factors underlying sense of community vary for different groups of people.
The paper is based on a study initiated and financed by the Ministry of Housing and Construction, the Unit of Social Policy,
Israel. 相似文献
2.
Femke S. Ten Velden Matthijs Baas Shaul Shalvi Paul T.Y. Preenen Carsten K.W. De Dreu 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2012,48(5):1205-1208
Colors carry meaningful psychological signals. We hypothesized that the color red serves as a powerful cue in competition, affecting both actors and perceivers. Using simplified poker games we investigated the psychological meaning of color in competitive interaction, by examining how the color of chips (red vs. blue or white) used by participants or their competitors affected behavior. Although chip color was objectively unrelated to the chips' value or competitors' strength, perceiving competitors using red chips renders competitors more intimidating, which leads perceivers to withdraw. Furthermore, actors who used red chips felt more dominant, which led them to enhanced competitive approach. Displaying red thus makes actors feel stronger and increases competitive approach; perceivers of displays of red in competitors feel intimidated and withdraw from competing. 相似文献
3.
Yael Henkin Maya Feinholz Miri Arie Yair Bar-Haim 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(1):43-48
Evidence suggests that children with selective mutism (SM) display significant aberrations in auditory efferent activity at
the brainstem level that may underlie inefficient auditory processing during vocalization, and lead to speech avoidance. The
objective of the present study was to explore auditory filtering processes at the cortical level in children with SM. The
classic paired-click paradigm was utilized to assess suppression of the P50 event-related potential to the second, of two
sequentially-presented clicks, in ten children with SM and 10 control children. A significant suppression of P50 to the second
click was evident in the SM group, whereas no suppression effect was observed in controls. Suppression was evident in 90%
of the SM group and in 40% of controls, whereas augmentation was found in 10% and 60%, respectively, yielding a significant
association between group and suppression of P50. P50 to the first click was comparable in children with SM and controls.
The adult-like, mature P50 suppression effect exhibited by children with SM may reflect a cortical mechanism of compensatory
inhibition of irrelevant repetitive information that was not properly suppressed at lower levels of their auditory system.
The current data extends our previous findings suggesting that differential auditory processing may be involved in speech
selectivity in SM. 相似文献
4.
This study examines the role of sex in determining attitudes toward sexual harassment (SH) and perceptions of SH, and studies the extent to which attitudes toward SH predict perceptions of SH by sex. All informants (146 men and 160 women) completed three questionnaires: personal information; perceptions of SH, including cases with variations on the perpetrators and victims' sex; and attitudes toward SH, with a male, female, or unspecified victim. The findings point to significant sex differences in the perception of behaviors as SH. Women were less tolerant of SH regardless of the victim's sex. In all cases, less tolerant attitudes toward SH predicted a stronger perception of behaviors as manifesting SH. In addition, women tended to perceive male harasser/male target behaviors as SH more than men. 相似文献
5.
This study maintains that postwar resilience should be defined by the proportion of recovery from war adversity and level of postwar symptoms. We hypothesize first that four resilience-promoting factors will predict this measure of resilience. Second, these associations will be mediated by sense of postwar danger. Third, war-afflicted older people will be comparable to younger people on these variables. The sample included 829 Israeli adults who experienced the 2006 second Lebanon war. Results that have generally supported these hypotheses have been discussed in terms of the definition of resilience, the role of sense of danger in postwar adjustment, and the resilience of older people to war. 相似文献
6.
Three studies examined the hypothesis that mortality salience (MS) will increase prosocial behaviors when the prosocial cause promotes terror management processes. However, when the prosocial cause interferes with these processes, MS will reduce prosocial behavior. In Study 1, following a MS procedure, participants indicated their willingness to donate money to charity or to donate to an organ donation organization. In Study 2, a research assistant randomly distributed fliers with reminders of death or back pain, and another research assistant solicited participants' assistance from either a charitable fund booth or an organ donation booth. Study 3 examined the impact of MS on helping a wheelchair-bound confederate or a walking confederate. The results indicated that MS increased charitable donations and increased help to a walking confederate. However, MS significantly decreased organ donation card signings and decreased help to a wheelchair-bound confederate. The discussion examines the tension between personal fear and worldview validation. 相似文献
7.
The Set visual perception game is a fertile research platform that allows investigation of perception, with gradual processing culminating in a momentary recognition stage, in a context that can be endlessly repeated with novel displays. Performance of the Set game task is a play-off between perceptual and conceptual processes. The task is to detect (among the 12 displayed cards) a 3-card set, defined as containing cards that are either all similar or all different along each of four dimensions with three possible values. We found preference and reduced response times (RTs) for perceiving set similarity (rather than span) and for including cards sharing the most abundant value in the display, suggesting that these are searched preferentially (perhaps by mutual enhancement). RT decreases with number of sets in the display according to a horse race model, implying independence of simultaneous searches. Central cards are included slightly more often, but set card proximity seems irrelevant. A supplementary experiment determining dimensional salience showed consistent but individual preferences, yet these seemed not to affect set identification. Training induced gradual improvement, which generalized to a new version of the game, suggesting high-level learning. We conclude that elements of perception such as similarity detection are basic for finding sets in this task, as in other real-world perceptual and cognitive tasks, suggesting the presence of basic similarity-perceiving mechanisms. The findings confirm the conclusion that conceptual processes are affected by perception. 相似文献
8.
Category learning can be achieved by identifying common features among category members, distinctive features among non-members, or both. These processes are psychologically and computationally distinct, and may have implications for the acquisition of categories at different hierarchical levels. The present study examines an account of children’s difficulty in acquiring categories at the subordinate level grounded on these distinct comparison processes. Adults and children performed category learning tasks in which they were exposed either to pairs of objects from the same novel category or pairs of objects from different categories. The objects were designed so that for each category learning task, two features determined category membership whereas two other features were task irrelevant. In the learning stage participants compared pairs of objects noted to be either from the same category or from different categories. Object pairs were chosen so that the objective amount of information provided to the participants was identical in the two learning conditions. We found that when presented only with object pairs noted to be from the same category, young children (6 ? YO ? 9.5) learned the novel categories just as well as older children (10 ? YO ? 14) and adults. However, when presented only with object pairs known to be from different categories, unlike older children and adults, young children failed to learn the novel categories. We discuss cognitive and computational factors that may give rise to this comparison bias, as well as its expected outcomes. 相似文献
9.
A systematic error is reported in orientation estimation, in that on average, estimates are closer to the vertical axis than are the stimuli by up to 6°. This systematic error results from a specific mechanism that may be related to depth perception, and that is avoided in certain circumstances or when other mechanisms take over. For example, the estimates of one observer who was a welltrained professional draughtsman did not show this systematic error. Furthermore, for all observers tested, estimation of clock time is not subject to the regular orientation estimation error. Rather, observers tend to estimate timesas slightly further from the quarter hour than they really are. Orientation judgment channel capacity was also studied under various conditions. The number of discriminable orientations is far above the magic number “7“ limit, reaching over 20 in optimal circumstances. The distribution of discriminable orientations is nonlinear, in that these are more closely packed about the horizontal and vertical axis than at the oblique. 相似文献
10.
Work Attitudes and Emotional Responses of Permanent, Voluntary, and Involuntary Temporary-help Employees: An Exploratory Study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
On souhaite, avec cette recherche, compléter les travaux empiriques encore rares concernant l'impact du travail intérimaire sur les salarids concerned. On a comparé un échantillon de 90 intérimaires à un autre échantillon composé de 134 titulaires pour ce qui est de l'implication dans le travail, de la satisfaction professionnelle et du stress. Conformément au schema theorique et aux hypothèses opératoires issus de leurs propres déclarations, les intérimaires ont été séparés en deux sous-groupes sur la base du (non) volontariat pour cette forme de travail. Une analyse de variance multivariée (MANOVA) et une analyse de covariance multivariée (MANCOVA) ont mis en évidence des différences significatives au niveau de la satisfaction, mais pas de la motivation, ni du stress lié au rôle.
The current research is an attempt to extend the scant empirical literature addressing the impact of the temporary-help work arrangement on the temporary-help employees (THEs) employed under that arrangement. A sample of 90 THEs was compared to a sample of 134 permanent employees with respect to work involvement, work satisfaction, and stress measures. In accordance with the conceptual framework and the operational hypotheses that were derived and based on their own statements, THEs were divided into those who work on that arrangement voluntarily as opposed to those who worked as THEs involuntarily. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed significant differences only with regard to satisfaction measures and not for work involvement or role stress measures. 相似文献
The current research is an attempt to extend the scant empirical literature addressing the impact of the temporary-help work arrangement on the temporary-help employees (THEs) employed under that arrangement. A sample of 90 THEs was compared to a sample of 134 permanent employees with respect to work involvement, work satisfaction, and stress measures. In accordance with the conceptual framework and the operational hypotheses that were derived and based on their own statements, THEs were divided into those who work on that arrangement voluntarily as opposed to those who worked as THEs involuntarily. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed significant differences only with regard to satisfaction measures and not for work involvement or role stress measures. 相似文献