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251.
Carol K. Whalen Barbara Henker Barry E. Collins Doris Finck Sharon Dotemoto 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1979,12(1):65-81
Hyperactive boys on methlyphenidate (Ritalin), hyperactive boys on placebo, and comparison boys were observed in quasi-naturalistic classroom settings. Ambient stimulation (quiet versus noisy conditions) and source of regulation (self-paced versus other-paced activities) were varied in a 2 × 2 design. Compared to their peers, hyperactive boys on placebo showed lower rates of task attention and higher rates of gross motor movement, regular and negative verbalization, noise-making, physical contact, social initiation, disruption, and acts that were perceived as energetic, inappropriate, or unexpected. Self-paced activities resulted in increased rates of verbalization, social initiation, and high-energy episodes. High ambient noise levels reduced task attention and increased the rates of many other behaviors including verbalization, physical contact, gross motor movement, and high-energy acts. Medication-by-situation interactions emerged for both classroom dimensions, with hyperactive boys on placebo being readily distinguishable from their peers under some classroom conditions and indistinguishable under other conditions. Moderate relationships were found between teacher ratings and many individual behavior categories. Discussion focused on (a) the merits and limitations of a social ecological research perspective, and (b) the implications of these findings for the design of intervention strategies. 相似文献
252.
253.
The effects of anticipated interaction on liking were examined, with the person being evaluated sometimes being presented as a member of a negatively stereotyped group. The stereotype studied was that associated with male homosexuals. The standard effect of anticipated interaction causing increased liking was obtained when females rated either a homosexual or a non- homosexual male and when males rated a nonhomosexual male. When males anticipated interacting with a homosexual male, however, they rated him less favorably than did males who did not anticipate interacting with him. It was also found that both males and females liked the stimulus person less and attributed stereotypic traits to him more when he was homosexual than when he was not. These latter effects were stronger for males than for females. 相似文献
254.
The present study investigated the relationship between the Type A Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern and two measures of self-relevant cognitions: Ellis's (1962) irrational beliefs, and private and public self-consciousness (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975). The Type A pattern was found consistently to be negatively correlated with a belief in the value of avoiding problems and responsibilities. For males, the Type A pattern was also correlated with irrational beliefs about self-standards for achievement and perfectionism. For females, the Type A pattern was correlated with private self-consciousness and beliefs involving overreaction to frustration and anxious overconcern about potential problems. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship of these cognitive variables to the behavioral components of the Type A pattern and the implications of such relationships for potential cognitive interventions.The authors wish to thank Allison Baker and Jim Pendleton for their help in conducting the study. 相似文献
255.
The purpose of this study was to examine sex discrimination in three occupations. Male and female applicants were evaluated for suitability in a managerial role for a predominately female occupation, a predominately male occupation, and a sexually mixed occupation. The academic qualifications of the applicants were systematically varied to be either high, average, or low. Discrimination on the basis of sex was evidenced for all three occupations involving applicants of average scholastic qualifications. Attitudes toward women in management were found to be correlated with the suitability ratings, but the correlations were greatly moderated by the sex of the rater. While some of the hypotheses were confirmed, the results support previous research in sex discrimination (Terborg & Ilgen, 1975). 相似文献
256.
Sharon Martinelli Hall Robert Glenn Hall Gail DeBoer Peter OKulitch 《Behaviour research and therapy》1977,15(1):89-95
Seventy-four obese TOPS (Take Off Pounds Sensibly) members were assigned to one of five conditions: delayed treatment control, insight psychotherapy, self-management training plus external reinforcement, self-management training only, or external reinforcement only. The latter four groups met once per week for ten weeks and were seen at three and six months and followup. It was hypothesized that self-management plus external reinforcement would be superior to other conditions at both post-treatment and followup, and that this condition alone would produce continuing weight losses. Analysis of covariance on body weight, with pretreatment weight as covariate, indicated that self-management plus external reinforcement, self-management only, and external reinforcement only, did not differ in mean body weight at post-treatment. These three groups differed significantly from control and psychotherapy conditions, which did not differ from one another. Self-management plus external reinforcement produced better performance of techniques. At three and six month followup, differences between the four treatment conditions were no longer significant. Results are discussed in terms of evaluation of psychotherapy and behavior modification and durability of results. 相似文献
257.
Sharon S. Brehm 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1977,5(1):31-41
The present study examined the effects of adult influence on the choice preferences of first and fifth grade girls and boys. It was found that when the adult directed the children as to which choice alternative to choose, all children (both grades and both sexes) preferred that alternative advocated by the adult. When, however, the adult's influence attempt was followed by another adult's stating that the child should choose whatever he/she wanted, first graders displayed oppositional behavior (preferring the alternative not urged by the first adult), while fifth graders continued to comply with the first adult's influence. These results suggested that oppositional behavior in first grade children may occur as a function of conflict between adults regarding adult control over the child.The author would like to thank the staff and students at the Price's Fork Elementary School, Blacksburg, Virginia, for their invaluable assistance in conducting this study. The author is indebted to Marie Kerwan, Twila Stephenson, and Jeanne Warren for their excellent work as experimenters. 相似文献
258.
Sara Bonilla Madison Natarajan Julie Koven Lindsey White Sharon Lamb 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2023,23(2):551-562
Despite the initial understanding of the word ‘triggered’ as relating to the clinical phenomenon of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this language has become a common part of the vernacular today, used by many people to apply to a wide variety of experiences and events. Counselling students are particularly sensitised to trauma, as well as identity politics, and are familiar with trigger warnings at college. They themselves have experienced trauma at high rates. Therefore, we were interested to understand how they might be using the word and interpreting the experience of being ‘triggered’, whether different sources of being triggered are related to emotional reactions, and whether a discourse analysis might indicate how and why the term has become useful and for what other experiences it might be serving as a stand-in. In this mixed-methods study, 79 counselling students from around the country shared their definitions and experiences of being ‘triggered’. Participants completed surveys and wrote narratives, which, via thematic qualitative analysis, were coded into five themes. The quantitative analysis focused on the relationship of feelings to themes and the relationship between anger suppression and coping with each theme. Discourse analysis explored how individuals wrote about responsibility and anger. It was discovered that those who wrote about being triggered from a past sexual assault did not discuss anger, nor the responsibility of others to protect them (as those who wrote about microaggressions did), but positioned themselves as overreactors. Results are discussed with regard to training and practice. 相似文献
259.
Sharon Jennings 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》1996,6(5):335-340
This article describes and comments upon the process of developing the Sanctuary project in London, a project that will provide two community-based crisis support services for African and African-Caribbean women and men in mental crisis and distress. This initiative is informed by the extensive research documenting the ways in which mainstream, mental health services fail Black people, and by evidence suggesting that innovations in service provision for Black people are often vulnerable and limited in their impact. In an effort to avoid replicating these problems, considerable emphasis has been given to developing the project in partnership with the main stakeholders—in this instance statutory and Black voluntary sector agencies as well as Black users, carers and community members. Within this context, issues relating to inequalities can be proactively addressed, thereby reducing the risk that they undermine the effectiveness of service provision at a later stage. However, working in partnership can also hinder or delay service developments if discussions between stakeholders become protracted or conflicts unresolved. The author draws on experience gained from this project to identify the potential as well as the difficulties of using a partnership approach to developing effective Black mental health provision. The author's role in the development of these projects has been as representative of one of the partners, the King's Fund Centre for Development. 相似文献
260.
Sharon Ungerleider 《Journal of genetic counseling》2000,9(4):347-358
Supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) are found in individuals with normal and abnormal clinical phenotypes. Correlations between karyotype and phenotype have been made in only a few circumstances. This article summarizes the most recent information regarding supernumerary marker chromosomes, including genetic counseling issues. 相似文献