几种色光呈现条件下人眼红、绿光感受性的变化

采用阈值法探讨了人眼在红、橙、绿、蓝4种色光适应条件下红、绿光感受性的变化及机制。结果表明:当背景及目标均为稳光时,在不同的背景光条件下,人眼554nm(绿)及656nm(红)光感受性的变化显示了明显的感觉颉抗性效应,且不受色觉适应的影响;如果所呈现的背景光是稳态光,目标先是闪烁光,除辨别是现在554nm背景光上的656nm(红)目标,在其余条件下,均未发现颜色感觉颉抗效应;如果背景光是闪烁光,目标光为稳态光时,在不同的背景光条件下,人眼对554nm(绿)及656nm(红)波长的辨别结果有感觉颉抗效应存在,并且辨别感受性也明显提高。     

Manual discrimination of force using active finger motion

In these experiments, two plates were grasped between the thumb and forefinger and squeezed together along a linear track. An electromechanical system presented a constant resistance force during the squeeze up to a predetermined location on the track, whereupon the force effectively went to infinity (simulating a wall) or to zero (simulating a cliff). The task of the subject was to discriminate between two alternative levels of the constant resistance force (a reference level and a reference-plus-increment level). Results of these experiments indicate a just noticeable difference of roughly 7% of the reference force using a one-interval paradigm with trial-by-trial feedback over the ranges 2.5≤F _o≤10.0 newtons, 5≤D≤30 mm, 45≤S≤125 mm, and 25≤V≤160 mm/sec, whereF _o is the reference force,D is the distance squeezed,S is the initial finger-span, andV is the mean velocity of the squeeze. These results, based on tests with 5 subjects, are consistent with a wide range of previous results, some of which are associated with other body surfaces and muscle systems and many of which were obtained with different psychophysical methods.     

Interpersonal problem solving: An intervention program for preschool children

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention program designed to train preschool children in interpersonal problem solving skills. Forty preschool age children were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Experimental subjects were trained in interpersonal problem solving skills for ten weeks, four days per week, for a total of 10–13 hours. Problem-solving skills were assessed at pretest, posttest, and three months after training was completed. Seventy-eight percent of the children who participated in pretest and posttest were tested at follow-up. Results indicated that the experimental group, compared to the control group, showed a significant increase in both cognitive—verbal and behavioral interpersonal problem-solving skills from pretest to posttest and that these changes were maintained at follow-up testing. Discussion focuses on suggestions for future research and implications for applied settings.     

Sexual experience, sex guilt, and sexual moral reasoning

Two studies are described in which the relations between sexual experience, sex guilt, and sexual moral reasoning were examined. Subjects were asked to articulate their opinions on each of six sexual activities, and then choose one of six statements (corresponding to Kohlberg's six stages of reasoning) that most clearly reflected why they had, or had not, engaged in three of those activities. An analysis of the moral reasoning present in each of the six articulated responses indicated that level of reasoning was inversely related to sex guilt. Analysis of the preference data indicated that subjects endorsed reasoning (statements) at a higher stage than they had articulated, and that this “gap” between articulation and preference was much greater for less experienced subjects. Results are discussed in terms of the utility of using situation-specific moral dilemmas when assessing moral reasoning, and in terms of the possible role that lack of sexual experience plays in inhibiting sexual moral development.     

豚尾猴(Macaca nemestrina)等灵长类动物反转学习的比较研究

不同种类猿猴脑高级机能的比较生理心理研究的资料很少,并且意见不完全一致。和(1997)曾报道黑猩猩较阿拉伯狒有较大的推断能力。Shell和Riopelle(1958)报道阔鼻猴蜘蛛猴(Ateles geoffroyi),卷尾猴(Cebus albifrons)     

身体正直及倾斜不同角度定位的实验研究

本文探讨了身体正直及倾斜不同角度(0°—90°)的定位。结果表明:(1)在暗室排除视觉的条件下,身体正直姿势的定位平均误差值在1.2°—1.61°范围;在亮室有视觉参与条件下,平均误差值为0.88°、不超过1°。(2)在暗室排除视觉条件下,“语言一身体”条件的各个角度定位的准确性最差,其次是“视觉—身体”条件,“身体—身体”条件的结果最好。这种情况表明,身体角度定位明显受信息的传入方式及信息转换和输出的难易程度的影响,相同感觉道在信息传入、处理和输出上具有更大的优越性。     

复杂视觉图形辨认的实验研究

实验材料是取样规则不同的两组(有限制组和无限制组)矩阵图形和离散度不同的两组(大离散度组和小离散度组)矩阵图形。每个图形以两种速度及在三个距离上呈现。被试者的任务是从比较图形中再认出先前呈现的那个图形。结果表明:被试者再认无限制组图形的成绩优于有限制组的成绩,小离散度组的成绩也优于大离散度组的成绩。速度因素对辨认的影响大于距离因素的影响。由取样规则所带来的关系参数和离散度这个物理的参数可用于预测图形辨认的成绩。     

马克思主义和人本心理学

美国人本主义心理学,就其关于人的价值的观点而论,可以说主要是从心理学角度对人的本质及其实现问题的研究。这当然并不是一个新问题。早在一个多世纪以前,马克思就曾从哲学、心理学和经济学角度对此进行过系统的探讨。     

MULTIVARIATE ASSESSMENT OF CONFLICT IN DISTRESSED AND NONDISTRESSED MOTHER-ADOLESCENT DYADS

A battery of measures was used to assess conflict between mothers and young adolescents (females and males, 11 to 15 years of age). Two groups of families, one composed of a distressed clinical sample (N = 38), the other a nondistressed normative sample (N = 40), participated. The assessment battery included retrospective judgments, frequency estimates, self-monitored home recording, and tape-recorded discussion of a home problem. Content of assessment measures tapped aspects of parental control, decisionmaking, self-reported interaction behavior, arguments, interaction behavior rated by independent “blind” observers, frequency and anger-intensity of specific problematic issues, and perceptions of positive and negative behaviors of the other family member. Based on univariate analyses, 21 of the 26 defined variables discriminated significantly in the predicted direction. Maternal and adolescent reports of behavior and independent ratings of tape-recorded interaction emerged as strong and consistent discriminators. Stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis provided successful classification of 100% of the families based on the inclusion of nine variables. In a cross-validation sample, 84% of the families were correctly classified. Implications for systematic outcome research as well as clinical application are discussed.