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831.
In this paper we discuss the relevance of considering context for critical thinking. We argue that critical thinking is best
viewed in terms of ‘critical inquiry’ in which argumentation is seen as a way of arriving at reasoned judgments on complex
issues. This is a dialectical process involving the comparative weighing of a variety of contending positions and arguments.
Using the model which we have developed for teaching critical thinking as critical inquiry, we demonstrate the role played
by the following aspects of context: (1) knowledge of the dialectical context (the debate around an issue, both current and
historical); (2) an understanding of the current state of practice and belief surrounding an issue; (3) an understanding of
the intellectual, political, historical and social contexts in which an issue is embedded; (4) knowledge of the relevant disciplinary
context; (5) information about the sources of an argument; (6) awareness of one’s own beliefs and biases. 相似文献
832.
目前生态危机已成为全球瞩目的问题。解决生态危机有三种方法:(1)尝试逐个解决各种具体危机;(2)从理论上对技术和晚期现代资本主义进行批判;(3)根本改变理解和看待自然的范式。量子力学和混沌理论等当代科学理论对自然的描绘与中国传统哲学(老子)和中医有着意想不到的相似之处。"古老的未来"暗示科学领域的变化,加之这些古老智慧的"复活",合力可以成为局部实践活动的基础,假以时日能够重塑全球的意识和行为。 相似文献
833.
Ash S McMillan C Gross RG Cook P Gunawardena D Morgan B Boller A Siderowf A Grossman M 《Brain and language》2012,120(3):290-302
Few studies have examined connected speech in demented and non-demented patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We assessed the speech production of 35 patients with Lewy body spectrum disorder (LBSD), including non-demented PD patients, patients with PD dementia (PDD), and patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), in a semi-structured narrative speech sample in order to characterize impairments of speech fluency and to determine the factors contributing to reduced speech fluency in these patients. Both demented and non-demented PD patients exhibited reduced speech fluency, characterized by reduced overall speech rate and long pauses between sentences. Reduced speech rate in LBSD correlated with measures of between-utterance pauses, executive functioning, and grammatical comprehension. Regression analyses related non-fluent speech, grammatical difficulty, and executive difficulty to atrophy in frontal brain regions. These findings indicate that multiple factors contribute to slowed speech in LBSD, and this is mediated in part by disease in frontal brain regions. 相似文献
834.
Mastery motivation is a psychological force that stimulates an individual to attempt to master a task that is challenging to him or her. This prospective longitudinal study examined the relationship between maternal stress, using the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, and infant mastery motivation, using the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire, for 150 mother-infant pairs assessed at both 6- and 18-months of age. Infants of mothers with elevated stress levels at 6 months tended to show lower mastery motivation at 18 months (standardized beta=-.46, p=.001). Conversely, infants with lower general competence (standardized beta=-.24, p=.021) and lower persistence during social interactions with other children (standardized beta=-.18, p=.037) at 6 months of age had mothers with elevated total stress at 18 months of age. Implications for programs which simultaneously intervene with child and mother are discussed. 相似文献
835.
Moore PJ Gratzer W Lieber C Edelson V O'Leary J Terry SF 《Journal of genetic counseling》2012,21(1):127-135
The Community Centered Family Health History project was initiated to create accessible family health history tools produced
by and for the community. The project goal was to promote increased community engagement in health education by encouraging
conversations among family members that would translate knowledge of family health history into healthy lifestyle choices.
As one of seven community partners, Iona College participated in customizing and beta-testing the Does It Run in the Family? toolkit. Twenty-nine college students were engaged to recruit three relatives related by blood to provide feedback on the
utility of the toolkit. The toolkit consists of two booklets—“A Guide to Family Health History” and “A Guide to Understanding
Genetics and Health”—explaining the importance of knowing and talking about health within the family as well as basics about
how conditions are passed down through generations. Twenty-two of the twenty-nine students participated in focus groups to
discuss their reactions to participation in the project. Students in the focus group reported that the study participants—students
and their family members—found the toolkit to be user friendly and the experience a valuable one that prompted many to take
positive steps toward good health. 相似文献
836.
This article explores the impact of consumers' regulatory goals on their relative focus on hedonic (versus utilitarian) benefits of products. Drawing from extant literature, we argue that promotion‐focused consumers will exhibit more favorable attitude towards a product when its hedonic benefits are highlighted in comparison to its utilitarian benefits. Prevention‐focused consumers on the other hand will exhibit more favorable attitude towards a product when its utilitarian benefits are highlighted in comparison to its hedonic benefits. We further argue that this effect is moderated by contextual factors, such as evaluation mode. In addition, we argue that the posited difference only holds when the hedonic and utilitarian products are evaluated individually. When the two products are evaluated jointly, both promotion and prevention‐focused individuals will exhibit more favorable attitude towards the hedonic product. Two studies were conducted to test the hypotheses and findings supported our predictions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
837.
Margaret Malone Sharon Alger-Mayer John M. Polimeni 《Applied research in quality of life》2012,7(2):155-161
The majority of studies which have evaluated health related quality of life are limited in the duration of follow up. The
objective of this study was to prospectively conduct an evaluation using a repeated cross sectional analysis of separate patient
cohorts who were up to four years after gastric bypass surgery. Adult Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients were recruited to
the study. All patients were requested to complete a general health status questionnaire, the Short Form-36 (SF-36), before
surgery or at their post operative out patient follow up visits. Patient weight was documented at each follow up visit. A
cross sectional analysis was performed to evaluate SF-36 scores in each annual cohort. Data are reported as mean +/− S.D.
Three-hundred-eight patients completed at least one SF-36 assessment [Initial assessment at the time of surgery, time 1, n = 245, 1y n = 149, 2y n = 70, 3y n = 59, 4y n = 61]. The SF-36 scores were greater (p < 0.05) in each of the separate post surgery cohorts for physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, social
functioning, pain, vitality, general health and the physical component summary (PCS) scores. While not comparing changes in
scores within individuals over time, these data suggest early improvement especially in the physical dimension of health related
quality of life. In this analysis, this finding was also observed in each of the separate cohorts up to 4 years after gastric
bypass surgery. 相似文献
838.
Sharon Peebles Burch 《Dialog》2006,45(3):246-251
Abstract : Paul Tillich holds that it is the responsibility of every generation to free the received tradition from assumptions that limit the vitality of Christian concepts. Salvation is often held hostage to an exclusive view that limits it to the people who have had contact with Jesus Christ. Tillich holds that Jesus as the Christ as the New Being overcame existential estrangement, making salvation a dynamic power that contends with the anxiety that is the inevitable accompaniment of finitude. This has universal implications. 相似文献
839.
Julia Buckroyd Sharon Rother David Stott 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》2006,34(2):245-265
The studies reported here explored whether therapeutic groups for women who eat compulsively can demonstrate weight loss as a primary result as well as the improvements in emotional functioning reported by other investigators. In both studies questionnaire data showed little change in self-esteem or attitudes as measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem and the Eating Disorders Examination. However, interview data showed considerable changes in attitudes and emotional functioning. The initial study demonstrated no weight loss but marked changes in participants’ attitudes to themselves and food, likely to lead to weight loss. A second, longer, uncontrolled study again showed changes in emotional functioning plus weight loss of 5% or more of initial body weight at the end of the intervention in 75% of participants who completed the study (n=8) or 50% of those who were initially recruited (n=12). Weight loss has been maintained in 75% of participants at 18-month follow-up. The data are based on a small sample, which can only be suggestive but supports a further study. 相似文献
840.
Paul R. Bleda Sharon Estee Bleda Donn Byrne Leonard A. White 《Journal of experimental social psychology》1976,12(1):9-25
In a series of experiments, undergraduates (N = 288) performed a task with a confederate who subsequently lied about his or her performance in order to obtain a cash bonus. The probability of bystanders' reporting the dishonesty and refusing to sign a document attesting to the confederate's score was differentially affected by situational factors and sex of the bystander, wrongdoer, and authority figure. Bystanders were most apt to report the misdeed when they were competing against rather than working either independently or cooperatively with the culprit, at least when the bonus was provided by a large corporation. In addition, females were more likely than males to report when the victim was another person rather than either a corporation or the bystander himself, and both sexes were more apt to report a female wrongdoer than a male one. Persons who initially reported the misdeed were less likely to become active accomplices than were those who failed to report it. Furthermore, less written verification of the falsehood occurred when (a) nonreporters were performing independently rather than either competing against or working cooperatively with the culprit for the bonus, and (b) a male was in an immediate position of authority. 相似文献