Introducing the concept of spirit injury in education‐to‐work transitions

This paper introduces the topic of spiritual injury and the possible influences and relationships it might share with education‐to‐work transitions of young adults. Students of both dominant and minority cultural backgrounds were interviewed to gain a detailed understanding of how perceptions of transitions came about. Further, I sought to understand what role spirituality and experiences of spirit injury have in the decision‐making processes.     

An optimal viewing position effect in the Stroop task when only one letter is the color carrier

Coloring only a single letter in the Stroop task can result in a reduction or elimination of Stroop interference. The present experiments were designed to test whether this modulation of Stroop interference occurs at all letter positions. Specifically, we investigated whether Stroop interference was reduced when the colored letter occupied the optimal viewing position (OVP). The experiments show that Stroop interference is not reduced at the OVP (Experiment 1) and that Stroop interference at the OVP is significantly greater than at other letter positions (Experiments 1 and 2). This finding has important theoretical and methodological consequences for studies of automatic processing in visual word recognition.     

VERBAL CONDITIONING AS A FUNCTION OF AWARENESS AND MANIFEST ANXIETY1

Les AA. examinent la relation entre anxiété et conditionnement verbal d'une part, anxiété et conscience du renforcement d'autre part, dans une épreuve de construction de phrases. L'analyse des résultats non concordants apparus dans les études antérieures et qui concernent la relation entre anxiété et conditionnement verbal suggère L'hypothèse que la direction de cette relation dépend de la conscience des sujets au cours du conditionnement. Les résultats présents montrent que les sujets conscients à forte anxiété se conditionnent mieux que les sujets conscients à faible anxiété. Mais les sujets non conscients à faible anxiété donnent significativement plus de réponses “Je-Nous” que les sujets non conscients à forte anxiété. La non-concordance avec les résultats antérieurs est sans doute due à des différences de population (sujets malades ou normaux).     

Recall of television commercials as a function of viewing context: the impact of program-commercial congruity on commercial messages

The effect of the congruity between the involvement types of advertising commercial and a television program on the effectiveness of the commercial was studied. Participants (N = 103) viewed either a cognitive or an affective commercial for a product, which was embedded in either a cognitive or an affective television program. The results showed that the effects of the congruence influence the impact on memory. Free recall and cued recall were significantly influenced by the program-commercial congruity. Free recall and cued recall were significantly higher for the cognitively involving commercial in the cognitively involving program context than in the affectively involving program context. Similarly, free recall and cued recall were significantly higher for the affectively involving commercial in the affectively involving program context than in the cognitively involving program context.     

The roles of MAPK cascades in synaptic plasticity and memory in Aplysia: facilitatory effects and inhibitory constraints

Synaptic plasticity is thought to contribute to memory formation. Serotonin-induced facilitation of sensory-motor (SN-MN) synapses in Aplysia is an extensively studied cellular analog of memory for sensitization. Serotonin, a modulatory neurotransmitter, is released in the CNS during sensitization training, and induces three temporally and mechanistically distinct phases of SN-MN synaptic facilitation. The role of protein kinase A and protein kinase C in SN-MN synaptic facilitation is well documented. Recently, it has become clear that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades also play a critical role in SN-MN plasticity. Here, we summarize the roles of MAPK cascades in synaptic plasticity and memory for sensitization in Aplysia.     

Principles of cross-modal competition: Evidence from deficits of attention

How does the attentional system coordinate the processing of stimuli presented simultaneously to different sensory modalities? We investigated this question with individuals with neurological damage who suffered from deficits of attention. In these individuals, we examined how the processing of tactile stimuli is affected by the simultaneous presentation of visual or auditory stimuli. The investigation demonstrated that two stimuli from different modalities are in competition when attention is directed to the perceptual attributes of both, but not when attention is directed to the perceptual attributes of one and the semantic attributes of the other. These findings reveal a differentiated attentional system in which competition is modulated by the level of stimulus representation to which attention is directed.