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101.
102.
103.
Reformers urge that representation no longer earns its explanatory keep in cognitive science, and that it is time to discard
this troublesome concept. In contrast, we hold that without representation cognitive science is utterly bereft of tools for
explaining natural intelligence. In order to defend the latter position, we focus on the explanatory role of representation
in computation. We examine how the methods of digital and analog computation are used to model a relatively simple target
system, and show that representation plays an in-eliminable explanatory role in both cases. We conclude that, to the extent
that biologic systems engage in computation, representation is destined to play an explanatory role in cognitive science.
相似文献
Jon OpieEmail: URL: http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/humanities/jopie/ |
104.
Three experiments using computer-generated human figures showed that after a prolonged observation of eyes looking to the left (or right), eyes looking directly toward the viewer appeared directed to the right (or left). Observation of an arrow pointing left or right did not induce this aftereffect on the perceived eye direction. Happy faces produced the aftereffect more effectively than surprised faces, even though the image features of the eyes were identical for both the happy and the surprised faces. These results suggest that the eye direction aftereffect may reflect the adaptation of relatively higher-level mechanisms analyzing the others eye direction. 相似文献
105.
Using the Hebb Digits task, an incidental sequential learning paradigm, the effects of chunking of both the presentation and response phases of performance were examined. In the first experiment, consistent stimulus chunking increased learning, and performance was at an equivalent level to this when consistent chunking of both stimuli and responses was present. Consistent chunking of the responses alone did not significantly improve learning over a baseline condition where neither stimuli nor responses were chunked. The disruption of response organization in a second experiment, through a random response condition, failed to impact learning in non-chunked and stimulus chunked conditions. A third experiment found that response chunking did benefit learning in a condition where stimuli were presented in random chunks. A final experiment suggested extended processing of the digits could not account for performance gains in the stimulus chunking condition. Overall, the results suggest that the enhanced effects of chunking on learning were stimulus-driven rather than response-driven, except under conditions that constrained a consistent pattern of stimulus organization. 相似文献
106.
Daniel C. O’Connell Sabine Kowal Edward J. Sabin John F. Lamia Margaret Dannevik 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2010,39(5):393-409
Our purpose in the following was to investigate the start-up rhetoric employed by U.S. President Barack Obama in his speeches.
The initial 5 min from eight of his speeches from May to September of 2009 were selected for their variety of setting, audience,
theme, and purpose. It was generally hypothesized that Barack Obama, widely recognized for the excellence of his rhetorical
performance, would pursue both constant and variable strategies in his effort to establish contact with his audience. More
specifically, it was hypothesized that the make-up of the audience—primarily native or non-native speakers of English—would
be a prominent independent variable. A number of temporal and verbal measures were used as dependent variables. Variations
were evident in mean length in syllables and duration in seconds of utterances (articulatory phrases), articulation rate in
syllables per second of ontime, mean duration of silent pauses in seconds, and frequency of fillers, hesitations, colloquial
words and phrases, introductory phrases, and 1st person singular pronominals. Results indicated that formality versus informality
of the setting and presence or absence of a teleprompter were more prominent than native versus non-native audiences. Our
analyses confirm Obama’s skillfulness in challenging and variable settings and clearly detect orderliness and scientific generalizability
in language use. The concept of orality/literacy provides a theoretical background and emphasizes dialogical interaction of
audience and speaker. 相似文献
107.
Janette Moore Gillian W. Smith Mark Shevlin Francis A. O’Neill 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(7):921-934
An alternative models framework was used to test three confirmatory factor analytic models for the Short Leyton Obsessional
Inventory-Children’s Version (Short LOI-CV) in a general population sample of 517 young adolescent twins (11–16 years). A
one-factor model as implicit in current classification systems of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD), a two-factor obsessions
and compulsions model, and a multidimensional model corresponding to the three proposed subscales of the Short LOI-CV (labelled
Obsessions/Incompleteness, Numbers/Luck and Cleanliness) were considered. The three-factor model was the only model to provide
an adequate explanation of the data. Twin analyses suggested significant quantitative sex differences in heritability for
both the Obsessions/Incompleteness and Numbers/Luck dimensions with these being significantly heritable in males only (heritability
of 60% and 65% respectively). The correlation between the additive genetic effects for these two dimensions in males was 0.95
suggesting they largely share the same genetic risk factors. 相似文献
108.
Daniel J. O’Rourke Ronald E. Smith Frank L. Smoll Sean P. Cumming 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(4):398-412
We assessed the role of parental behaviors on sport performance anxiety. Measures of trait anxiety, parental pressure, and parent-initiated motivational climate were administered to youth swimmers throughout the season. High parental pressure within either a low mastery or a high ego motivational climate was associated with the highest levels of anxiety at all time points. An early-season, high-pressure/low-mastery combination was also associated with relative increases in anxiety over the season, whereas high pressure within a high mastery climate was associated with relative decreases. Results indicate that parental pressure can have differential effects depending upon motivational climate. 相似文献
109.
Armando D’Agostino Giacomo Aletti Martina Carboni Simone Cavallotti Ivan Limosani Marialaura Manzone Silvio Scarone 《Consciousness and cognition》2013,22(3):708-715
The relationship between dream content and waking life experiences remains difficult to decipher. However, some neurobiological findings suggest that dreaming can, at least in part, be considered epiphenomenal to ongoing memory consolidation processes in sleep. Both abnormalities in sleep architecture and impairment in memory consolidation mechanisms are thought to be involved in the development of psychosis. The objective of this study was to assess the continuity between delusional contents and dreams in acutely psychotic patients. Ten patients with a single fixed and recurring delusional content were asked to report their dreams during an acute psychotic break. Sixteen judges with four different levels of acquaintance to the specific content of the patients’ delusions were asked to group the dreams, expecting that fragments of the delusional thought would guide the task. A mathematical index (f, t) was developed in order to compare correct groupings between the four groups of judges. Most judges grouped the dreams slightly above chance level and no relevant differences could be found between the four groups [F(3, 12) = 1.297; p = n.s.]. Scoring of dreams for specific delusional themes suggested a continuity in terms of dream and waking mentation for two contents (Grandiosity and Religion). These findings seem to suggest that at least some delusional contents recur within patients’ dreams. Future studies will need to determine whether such continuity reflects ongoing consolidation processes that are relevant to current theories of delusion formation and stabilization. 相似文献
110.
Dermot O’Reilly Heather Kinnear Michael Rosato Adrian Mairs Clare Hall 《Journal of religion and health》2013,52(4):1168-1176
Research has shown that individuals with a current religious affiliation are more likely to use preventive health services. The aim of this study was to determine whether breast screening uptake in Northern Ireland is higher amongst women with a current affiliation to an organised religion and, for those with no current affiliation, to examine whether their religion of upbringing is associated with uptake of breast screening. The Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study (NILS) was used to link Census and national breast screening data for 37,211 women invited for routine breast screening between 2001 and 2004. Current religious affiliation, religion of upbringing and other demographic and socio-economic characteristics were as defined on the Census form. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between religion affiliation and attendance. Uptake of breast screening is about 25% lower for those without a current religious affiliation. There are modest differences between Catholics and Protestants, with the latter about 11% more likely to attend for screening. For those with no current religion, the religion of upbringing appears to positively influence attendance rates. These differences remain after adjustment for all of the socio-demographic and socio-economic factors that have been shown to influence uptake rates of breast screening in the UK to date. Record linkage is an efficient way to examine equity across demographic characteristics that are not routinely available. The lower uptake amongst those with no religious affiliation may mean that screening services may find it difficult to maintain or improve uptake rate in an increasingly secularised society. 相似文献