Motivational cues: The role of perceived senders' self‐control ability in raters' deception judgements

Previous studies have found that senders' personal traits may be used by others to make judgements about the senders' truthfulness. Two studies were conducted to examine whether perceived self‐control ability has an effect on deception judgement. Perceived self‐control was hypothesized to act as a motivational cue that participants would use to assess the sender's motivation to lie, which in turn would influence their deception judgement. Results revealed that when participants assessed the sender as having higher self‐control ability, they would consider the sender to be less motivated to lie in daily life (Study 1), and judge the sender more truthful in a text‐based deception judgement task (Study 2). However, the effect of perceived self‐control ability disappeared in a video‐based task (Study 2), likely due to the multitude of various cues available in audio‐visual stimuli. The theoretical and applied implications of the results are discussed.     

Why employees with higher challenging appraisals style are more affectively engaged at work? The role of challenging stressors: A moderated mediation model

Challenging stressors have been positively linked to various work outcomes. However, the role of individual differences in stress appraisal in shaping the function of challenging stressors and work outcomes has been rarely discussed. Drawing on the individual differences perspective, the authors propose that employees higher in challenge appraisal are more likely to have challenging stressors and are more responsive to such stressors to have a higher positive affect at work. Results obtained from 117 employees supported the hypotheses. The results indicated that challenge appraisal is positively related to challenging stressors. In addition, challenging stressors has a positive association with positive affect at work when challenge appraisal is high but has a null association when challenge appraisal is low. The findings suggest that challenging stressors does not necessarily bring positive work outcomes as suggested in past studies and highlight the importance of considering dispositional tendency in stress appraisal when looking into the function of challenging stressors and work outcomes.     

道德型领导者得到了什么？道德型领导、团队平均领导-部属交换及领导者收益

道德型领导是新近提出的一种领导理论,大量研究证实这种领导方式会对员工和组织带来积极影响。然而,在领导过程中处于主体地位的领导者从中获得了什么收益却较少受到关注。以50个工作团队的248名员工为研究对象,本研究基于社会交换理论考察了道德型领导与个体层次和团队层次上领导者收益的关系及其作用过程。跨层次分析结果表明：(1)道德型领导对个体层次的员工对领导的认知信任和情感信任,以及团队层次的团队绩效和领导者绩效均有显著正向作用;(2)团队平均领导-部属交换中介了道德型领导与下属对领导者的认知信任、情感信任以及团队绩效的关系,但在道德型领导与领导者绩效关系间无显著中介作用。本文揭示了道德型领导者在领导过程中获得的“收益”以及团队层次社会交换的中介作用,为道德型领导和团队社会交换的研究提供了启示。     

The impact of self‐confidence on the compromise effect

This research reports an investigation into whether the personality aspect of self‐confidence affects the compromise effect. We hypothesize that highly self‐confident people have greater certainty in making decisions and are more attracted to risk‐taking, which makes them less likely to choose the safe or middle option in a large choice set. The three studies involved are conducted using between‐ and within‐subjects experimental designs. Various product categories are used to generalize the findings. Study 1 looks at purchasing decisions and utilizes three scales of self‐confidence, risk preference, and uncertainty; it demonstrates that consumers with high self‐confidence are less likely to choose a compromise option due to high certainty in their decision‐making. Study 2 discovers that people with low self‐confidence are more likely to choose the middle option in a risky condition than in a nonrisky condition. Study 3 decomposes self‐confidence into general and specific self‐confidence, and reveals that people with low general self‐confidence and low specific self‐confidence are more likely to choose the middle option.     

非数量视觉特征对数量感知的影响

以往许多研究探讨了各种视觉特征对数量判断任务的影响,但得出了不一致的结论.本研究依据信号检测论原理对刺激特征影响数量判断的方式进行考察.结果发现:刺激大小、形状和分布均匀度等因素可影响数量判断的反应标准,但不会影响辨别力;刺激聚集或组块会直接对数量判断的辨别力产生影响.结果表明,不同刺激特征对数量判断的影响方式存在差异.一方面,人类具有从刺激特征中直接抽取数量信息进行认知比较的能力;另一方面,刺激点聚集或组块可以直接影响被试的数量感知.此外,我们还推测,组块是通过改变客体表征的方式来影响数量感知的.     

Delinquency Among Chinese Adolescents: Modeling Sources of Frustration and Gender Differences

This study explores the relationship between strain and delinquency participation among Chinese adolescents. Using survey reports of over 1,700 middle-school students in Fuzhou, China, the study yielded results consistent with expectations. First, a significant relationship is observed between reports of overall strain and delinquency after controlling for common correlates. Further, adolescents in Fuzhou, China are more likely to engage in delinquency in response to strain over status achievement. Finally, whereas boys are more susceptible to status-related frustration, girls are more responsive to strain over physical well-being. These results are discussed in light of sociocultural expectations pertinent to adolescents in Mainland China.     

A Forgiveness Intervention for Taiwanese Young Adults with Insecure Attachment

In this study we tested the effectiveness of a forgiveness intervention for young adults with insecure attachment to their mothers. Twenty-seven students from four universities in Taiwan were recruited and assigned to either a forgiveness intervention or an alternative treatment control group. Dependent measures were administered at pretest, posttest, and 8-week follow-up. Within-group analyses demonstrated the participants in the forgiveness intervention showed greater improvement on measures of attachment security, forgiveness, trait anxiety, hope, and self-esteem than the participants in the alternative treatment group. Effect sizes were in the medium to large range. Implications for research and practice with families are discussed.     

Effects of Perceived Responsibility,Injury Severity,and Injury Target on Discipline Severity

We examined the effects of injury severity, injury target, and perceived responsibility on supervisors' discipline severity following a rule violation. Participants made discipline judgments after reading scenarios describing work rule violations. Data revealed an Injury Severity × Injury Target interactive effect on discipline severity. Respondents disciplined rule violators more severely when the behavior caused a serious coworker injury than when the violating behavior caused a minor coworker injury. Discipline severity decreased as the severity of the injury the rule violator experienced increased. That finding goes against conventional wisdom stating that a positive linear relation exists between the extent of an injury and discipline severity and suggests that supervisors might not make all discipline judgments in a simple, linear fashion.     

Event centrality of positive and negative autobiographical memories to identity and life story across cultures

The aim of this study was to investigate whether cultural differences exist in event centrality, emotional distress and well-being in a total of 565 adults above age 40 from Mexico, Greenland, China and Denmark. Participants completed questionnaires to determine their level of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms, and of life satisfaction. They also completed event centrality scales for their most positive and most negative life events. Across cultures, participants rated positive events as more central to their identity and life stories, compared with negative events. Furthermore, participants with higher levels of emotional distress rated negative events as more central to their identity and life story, compared with participants with lower scores. However, a converse pattern was not found for positive events. Finally, participants with higher scores of life satisfaction tended to rate positive events as more central and negative events as less central to their identity and life story, compared with participants with lower scores. It is concluded that across cultures, positive events are considered more central to identity and life story than negative events and that event centrality ratings tend to be affected in similar ways by higher versus lower levels of emotional distress or well-being.