Long-delay and selective association in food aversion learning: The role of cue location

Cue location has been an uncontrolled variable in food-aversion studies. While tastes are always attributes of the ingested object, visual, auditory and olfactory cues are often attributes of the food container or are located elsewhere in the conditioning chamber. A review of experimental studies indicates that cues which are attributes of the ingested object are almost invariably associated with both immediate and delayed illness, regardless of the sense modality of the cue and of the animal species involved. Cues which are attributes of the food container or conditioning chamber are associated with immediate but not delayed illness, again regardless of the sense modality and animal subject. Within the limits of present evidence, the same effects of cue location appear to occur when shock is the reinforcer. It is suggested that the association of attribute cues across delays is mediated by the conditioned behaviour, which is directed at the object of which they are attributes and which is biologically related to the subsequent reinforcement.     

Identifying and Correctly Labeling Sexual Prejudice,Discrimination, and Oppression

To effectively work with and advocate for lesbians, gay men, and their families, one has to be aware of the individual, relational, and societal forces that may negatively affect them. The focus of this article is to familiarize the reader with terminology used to identify and label sexual prejudice, discrimination, and oppression. The pros and cons of both historically used language and newer terminology are discussed.     

Using Structured Telephone Follow‐up Assessments to Improve Suicide‐Related Adverse Event Detection

Adverse event (AE) detection and reporting practices were compared during the first phase of the Emergency Department Safety Assessment and Follow‐up Evaluation (ED‐SAFE), a suicide intervention study. Data were collected using a combination of chart reviews and structured telephone follow‐up assessments postenrollment. Beyond chart reviews, structured telephone follow‐up assessments identified 45% of the total AEs in our study. Notably, detection of suicide attempts significantly varied by approach with 53 (18%) detected by chart review, 173 (59%) by structured telephone follow‐up assessments, and 69 (23%) marked as duplicates. Findings provide support for utilizing multiple methods for more robust AE detection in suicide research.     

MEASURING PERCEPTIONS OF THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN IN CORPORATE SETTINGS

This study developed a scale to measure individual perceptions of dimensions of the work organization that contribute to a supportive or hostile environment for women. Based on analysis of survey data from 398 respondents working in corporate settings, a scale was developed to measure five dimensions: Dual Standards & Opportunities; Sexist Attitudes & Comments; Informal Socializing; Balancing Work & Personal Obligations; and Remediation Policies & Practices. Women perceived their work environments as significantly more hostile on all five dimensions than did men. Scores on the scale were related to intent to stay with the organization: For both men and women, the friendlier they perceived the work environment for women to be, the longer individuals intended to stay at the company.     

DIFFERENCES IN CRITICAL READING PERFORMANCE BETWEEN PUPILS IN SIXTH AND EIGHT GRADES

This study examines the area of critical reading in which pupils are to judge the truth value of statements related to social studies passages. A total of 526 subjects, 250 sixth grade and 276 eighth grade pupils were required to judge 45 statements, six statements for each of the seven passages, as either “true” (T), “probably true” (PT), “not enough facts” (NE), “probably false” (PF) or “false” (F) based upon passage information. Pupils differed significantly on 11 of 42 statements (X = 4.25, p<.05 to 51.65, p<.001). Findings support previous research that shows older pupils to be more aware of organizational structure, more precise in assessing information and better able to deal with logical relationships. Younger pupils respond more impulsively to ambiguous statements. When judging conclusive statements, the majority of sixth appear to rely upon their own belief system rather than upon passage information.     

MINIMIZING THE PERVASIVENESS OF WOMEN'S PERSONAL EXPERIENCES OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION

Given the Rejection-Identification Model ( Branscombe, Schmitt, & Harvey, 1999 ), which shows that perceiving discrimination to be pervasive is a negative experience, it was suggested that there would be conditions under which women would instead minimize the pervasiveness of discrimination. Study 1 ( N = 91) showed that when women envisioned themselves in a situation of academic discrimination, they defined it as pervasive, but when they experienced a similar laboratory simulation of academic discrimination, its pervasiveness was minimized. Study 2 ( N = 159) showed that women who envisioned themselves experiencing discrimination minimized its pervasiveness more so than women reading about discrimination happening to someone else. Further, mediation analysis showed that minimizing the pervasiveness enhanced positive affect about personal discrimination. Implications for minimizing on both an individual and social level are discussed.