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211.
Shannon M. A. Kundey Andres De Los Reyes Chelsea Taglang Ayelet Baruch Rebecca German 《Animal cognition》2010,13(3):497-505
Organisms must often make predictions about the trajectories of moving objects. However, often these objects become hidden.
To later locate such objects, the organism must maintain a representation of the object in memory and generate an expectation
about where it will later appear. We explored adult dogs’ knowledge and use of the solidity principle (that one solid object
cannot pass through another solid object) by evaluating search behavior. Subjects watched as a treat rolled down an inclined
tube into a box. The box either did or did not contain a solid wall dividing it in half. To find the treat, subjects had to
modify their search behavior based on the presence or absence of the wall, which either did or did not block the treat’s trajectory.
Dogs correctly searched the near location when the barrier was present and the far location when the barrier was absent. They
displayed this behavior from the first trial, as well as performed correctly when trial types were intermingled. These results
suggest that dogs direct their searches in accordance with the solidity principle. 相似文献
212.
Emily Shaffer-Hudkins Shannon Suldo Troy Loker Amanda March 《Applied research in quality of life》2010,5(3):203-217
Studies among youth have established a link between mental health and physical health, and highlight the importance of attending
to these relationships to provide a more complete picture of functioning. However, most previous investigations have limited
their focus to examining the relationship between physical health and either particular aspects of psychopathology or particular
aspects of subjective well-being. The current study serves as a first examination that includes both positive (subjective
well-being [SWB]) and negative (psychopathology) indicators of mental health in relation to physical health functioning, assessed
via self-report measures completed by a sample of 401 early adolescents from the general population. Mental health indicators
accounted for 30% of the variance in physical health ratings, and 4 of the 5 mental health indicators were unique predictors
of physical health. Positive affect, a component of SWB, explained the most unique variance in physical health, followed by
the other components of SWB. Results support the importance of attending to positive indicators of mental health when determining
the link with physical health among youth. Implications for a research and practice focus on comprehensive wellness among
youth are discussed. 相似文献
213.
Sarah E. Cook Shannon M. Sisco Michael Marsiske 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(4):383-404
ABSTRACT While driving is a complex task, it becomes relatively automatic over time although unfamiliar situations require increased cognitive effort. Much research has examined driving risk in cognitively impaired elders and found little effect. This study assessed whether mildly memory impaired elders made disproportionate errors in driving or story recall, under simultaneous simulated driving and story recall. Forty-six healthy (61% women; mean age = 76.4) and 15 memory impaired (66% women, mean age = 79.4) elders participated. Cognitive status was determined by neuropsychological performance. Results showed that during dual-task conditions, participants stayed in lane more, and recalled stories more poorly, than when they did the tasks separately. Follow-up analysis revealed that verbatim recall, in particular, was reduced while driving for healthy participants. While memory impaired participants performed more poorly than healthy controls on both tasks, cognitive status was not associated with greater dual-task costs when driving and story recall were combined. 相似文献
214.
Abstract Previous studies have suggested that subjects are slower to colour-name emotional words, when the meaning of these words is related to a fear or current concern. We carried out three experiments on subjects having either high or low fear of snakes, with the aim of replicating this finding, and of testing the effects of arousing fear in subjects at the same time. Unexpectedly, we could only replicate the predicted interference effect in the absence of threat, whether due to a snake or to another threatening stimulus. We conclude that emotional interference effects do depend on high levels of fearfulness or trait anxiety, and on a match between the content of the subjects' concerns and the meaning of the interfering material. However, this interference may be paradoxically obscured by fear arousal, or the presence of a real danger that alters processing priorities in highly fearful subjects. 相似文献
215.
Kyle Possemato Shannon McKenzie Meghan E. McDevitt-Murphy Joah L. Williams Paige Ouimette 《Military psychology》2013,25(1):15-22
Combat traumas precipitate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, nontraumatic deployment and postdeployment factors may also contribute to PTSD severity. The Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory (DRRI) was used to investigate pre-, peri-, and postdeployment factors associated with current PTSD severity in 150 recent combat veterans with PTSD and hazardous alcohol use. Hierarchal linear regression analyzed what factors independently predicted PTSD severity when controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and combat specific variables. Four postdeployment factors independently predicted PTSD severity: unemployment, alcohol use, social support, and stressful (nontraumatic) life events. The centrality of trauma in the maintenance of PTSD and clinical implications for treatment providers are discussed. 相似文献
216.
J. Richard Hanley Rebecka P. Hunt Deborah A. Steed Shannon Jackman 《Memory & cognition》2013,41(3):365-377
Two experiments are reported that investigated the effect of concreteness on the ability to generate words to fit sentence contexts. When participants attempted to retrieve words from dictionary definitions in Experiment 1, abstract words were associated with more omissions and more alternates than were concrete words. These findings are consistent with the view that the semantic–lexical weights in the word production system are weaker for abstract than for concrete words. We found no evidence that greater competition from semantic neighbors was an additional reason why abstract words were harder to produce. Participants also reported more positive tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs) when attempting to produce abstract words from their definitions, consistent with more phonological retrieval problems for abstract than for concrete words. In Experiment 2, participants attempted to generate words to fit into a sentence that described a specific event. The difference between the numbers of abstract and concrete words recalled was significantly smaller in the event condition than in the definition condition, and evidence no longer emerged of greater phonological retrieval failure for abstract words. Overall, the results are consistent with the view that the semantic–lexical weights, but not the lexical–phonological weights, are weaker for abstract than for concrete words in the word production system. 相似文献
217.
Anderson CM Doughty SS Doughty AH Williams DC Saunders KJ 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2010,43(2):333-339
Stereotypical behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement often does not result in harm but may be undesirable in some situations. In the current investigation, participants were 2 individuals who engaged in nonharmful stereotypical responses shown in an analogue functional analysis to be insensitive to social contingencies. After bringing these responses under stimulus control using differential punishment, both participants learned a mand to terminate punishment for stereotypy. We also assessed whether the mand could be brought under stimulus control. 相似文献
218.
Previous research has demonstrated that generic praise (“good drawer”) is related to children giving up after failure because failure implies the lack of a critical trait (e.g., drawing ability). Conversely, nongeneric praise (“good job drawing”) is related to mastery motivation because it implies that success is related to effort. Yet children may receive a mixture of these praise types (i.e., inconsistent praise), the effects of which are unclear. We tested how inconsistent praise influenced two components of motivation: self-evaluation and persistence. Kindergarteners (N = 135) were randomly assigned to one of five conditions in which consistency of praise type was varied. After two failure scenarios, children reported self-evaluations and persistence. Results indicated that more nongeneric praise related linearly to greater motivation, yet self-evaluation and persistence were impacted differently by inconsistent praise types. Hearing even a small amount of generic praise reduced persistence, whereas hearing a small amount of nongeneric praise preserved self-evaluation. 相似文献
219.
Brandon J. Cosley Shannon K. McCoy Laura R. Saslow 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2010,46(5):816-823
The present study examined the role of compassion for others and social support in physiological stress reactivity. In this experiment, participants who had previously completed an online assessment of compassion experienced a social stress task in front of either two supportive or neutral evaluators, while their blood pressure, cortisol, high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), and liking for the evaluators were monitored. Participants’ compassion for others interacted with social support condition to buffer their physiological reactivity to stress. When provided with social support during the task, higher trait compassion was associated with lower blood pressure reactivity, lower cortisol reactivity, and higher HF-HRV reactivity. Higher compassion was also associated with greater liking for the supportive evaluators. These relationships were not observed for participants in the neutral condition, regardless of their trait compassion. Compassion for others may increase our ability to receive social support, which may lead to more adaptive profiles of stress reactivity. 相似文献
220.
Shannon A. Johnson Leslie M. Blaha Joseph W. Houpt 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2010,54(1):53-72
Previous studies of global-local processing in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have indicated mixed findings, with some evidence of a local processing bias, or preference for detail-level information, and other results suggesting typical global advantage, or preference for the whole or gestalt. Findings resulting from this paradigm have been used to argue for or against a detail focused processing bias in ASDs, and thus have important theoretical implications. We applied Systems Factorial Technology, and the associated Double Factorial Paradigm (both defined in the text), to examine information processing characteristics during a divided attention global-local task in high-functioning individuals with an ASD and typically developing controls. Group data revealed global advantage for both groups, contrary to some current theories of ASDs. Information processing models applied to each participant revealed that task performance, although showing no differences at the group level, was supported by different cognitive mechanisms in ASD participants compared to controls. All control participants demonstrated inhibitory parallel processing and the majority demonstrated a minimum-time stopping rule. In contrast, ASD participants showed exhaustive parallel processing with mild facilitatory interactions between global and local information. Thus our results indicate fundamental differences in the stopping rules and channel dependencies in individuals with an ASD. 相似文献