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141.
Susana C. Marques Shane J. Lopez J. L. Pais-Ribeiro 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2011,12(1):139-152
The authors investigated the effectiveness of a 5-week hope-based intervention designed to enhance hope, life satisfaction,
self-worth, mental health and academic achievement in middle school students. The study includes a sample of 31 students from
a community school, a matched comparison group of 31 students, and 2 secondary groups—guardians and teachers of the students’
intervention group. Students completed a questionnaire packet that included demographic information, the Portuguese versions
of the Children’s Hope Scale, Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale, Mental Health and Self-Worth Scales. Academic achievement
was obtained from school records. At baseline, groups are statistically similar on the variables of interest. At post-test
the intervention group had enhanced hope, life satisfaction and self-worth. In the intervention group, benefits in hope, life
satisfaction and self-worth were maintained at the 18-month follow up. Results suggest that a brief hope intervention can
increase psychological strengths, and participants continue to benefit up to 1-year and 6-months later. 相似文献
142.
On the basis of a domain‐specific theory of self‐esteem, it was hypothesized that functionally distinct domains of self‐esteem would predict aggression differentially. Participants completed self‐report measures of self‐perceived superiority, mate value, social inclusion, and global self‐esteem, as well as of aggression. Self‐assessed mate value emerged as a reliable, positive predictor, and social inclusion as a reliable inverse predictor, of self‐reported hostility and aggression. In a subsequent laboratory experiment, in which participants had an opportunity to aggress against the source of positive or negative feedback about a personal essay that they had written, mate value again predicted increased aggression, whereas global self‐esteem predicted decreased aggression. These main effects were moderated by the feedback manipulation, such that their respective simple effects were only present among participants that received negative feedback. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–11, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
143.
Shane J. Lopez Lisa M. Edwards Jennifer Teramoto Pedrotti Ellie C. Prosser Stephanie LaRue Susan Vehige Spalitto Jon C. Ulven 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2006,84(3):259-267
Current diagnostic processes reflect the limitations and utility of the framework of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Clinical information in the DSM‐IV's 5‐axis system almost exclusively focuses on weaknesses and pathology and is summarized in a flawed categorical system. Hence, the authors describe 3 adjunctive, or alternative, means of conceptualizing behavior; several means of altering the current DSM‐IV system; and 2 future directions in the diagnosis of strengths. 相似文献
144.
Stephanie Gerow Gabby Rivera Jessica S. Akers Marie Kirkpatrick Supriya Radhakrishnan 《Behavioral Interventions》2019,34(4):466-474
Automatically maintained stereotypy is common among children with autism spectrum disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multicomponent parent‐implemented intervention on the reduction of motor stereotypy for a child with autism. A 2‐year‐old child and her father participated in this study. The effect of a parent‐implemented intervention was evaluated using an alternating treatment design. The results indicated that the parent‐implemented treatment package including differential reinforcement, response blocking, and a competing stimulus decreased automatically maintained motor stereotypy. 相似文献
145.
Caylee J. Cook Steven J. Howard Gaia Scerif Rhian Twine Kathleen Kahn Shane A. Norris Catherine E. Draper 《Developmental science》2019,22(5)
Executive function is foundational for cognitive development. Previous research has shown both gross motor skills and physical activity to be related to executive function. However, evidence for these relationships in the preschool years, as well as in low‐ and middle‐income countries is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationships between components of executive function (inhibition, shifting and working memory) and gross motor skills (locomotor skills and object control skills) in a sample of preschool children from urban and rural low‐income settings in South Africa. Results revealed that inhibition and working memory, but not shifting, were associated with gross motor skills. More specifically: inhibition was associated with both locomotor [β = 0.20, p = 0.047] and object control skills [β = 0.24, p = 0.024], whereas working memory was only associated with locomotor skills [β = 0.21, p = 0.039]. Physical activity was not associated with inhibition and shifting but was negatively associated with working memory. These results elaborate a growing evidence base linking executive function and gross motor skills in the early years, and it is the first to look at specific associations of locomotor and object control skills with executive function in the South African context (a low‐ and middle‐income country). 相似文献
146.
Joel Cooper Lauren A. Feldman Shane F. Blackman 《The Journal of social psychology》2019,159(1):112-117
The field of experimental social psychology is appropriately interested in using novel theoretical approaches to implement change in the social world. In the current study, we extended cognitive dissonance theory by creating a new framework of social influence: imagined vicarious dissonance. We used the framework to influence attitudes on an important and controversial political attitude: U.S. citizens’ support for the Affordable Care Act (ACA). 36 Republicans and 84 Democrats were asked to imagine fellow Republicans and Democrats, respectively, making attitude discrepant statements under high and low choice conditions about support for the ACA. The data showed that vicarious dissonance, established by imagining a group member make a counterattitudinal speech under high-choice conditions (as compared to low-choice conditions), resulted in greater support for the Act by Republicans and marginally diminished support by Democrats. The results suggest a promising role for the application of vicarious dissonance theory to relevant societal issues and for further understanding the relationship of dissonance and people’s identification with their social groups. 相似文献
147.
Lisa M. Edwards Regina H. Lapp-Rincker Jeana L. Magyar-Moe Jason D. Rehfeldt Jamie A. Ryder Jill C. Brown Shane J. Lopez 《Pastoral Psychology》2002,50(3):147-152
Religious faith and beliefs appear to play an important role in the lives of many individuals and are the topic of much research. The present study investigated the relationship between religious faith and forgiveness in a sample (n = 196) of college students. Students were asked to complete the Heartland Forgiveness Scale and the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire. Analyses of scores on both measures revealed a positive, significant correlation between these constructs, suggesting that there is a meaningful relationship between religious faith and the tendency to forgive. Implications and directions for further research are discussed. 相似文献
148.
. Skilled (n = 12) and less skilled (n = 12) billiards players participated in 2 experiments in which the relationship between quiet eye duration, expertise, and task complexity was examined in a near and a far aiming task. Quiet eye was defined as the final fixation on the target prior to the initiation of movement. In Experiment 1, skilled performers exhibited longer fixations on the target (quiet eye) during the preparation phase of the action than their less skilled counterparts did. Quiet eye duration increased as a function of shot difficulty and was proportionally longer on successful than on unsuccessful shots for both groups of participants. In Experiment 2, participants executed shots under 3 different time-constrained conditions in which quiet eye periods were experimentally manipulated. Shorter quiet eye periods resulted in poorer performance, irrespective of participant skill level. The authors argue that quiet eye duration represents a critical period for movement programming in the aiming response. 相似文献
149.
Kirkpatrick LA Waugh CE Valencia A Webster GD 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2002,82(5):756-767
On the basis of an evolutionary theory of self-esteem (SE), it was hypothesized that the SE-aggression relationship differs across functionally distinct domains of SE and across contexts. In 2 experiments, participants had the opportunity to aggress against the evaluator of an essay they had written. In Study 1, self-perceived superiority was positively related to aggression, whereas social inclusion was inversely related to aggression. In Study 2, in which the context was altered to simulate a mating competition, only a measure of self-perceived mate value emerged as a (positive) predictor of aggression. Global SE failed to contribute to the prediction of aggression in either experiment. Statistically controlling for narcissism did not eliminate either set of findings. Implications for the conceptualization and measurement of SE and narcissism are discussed. 相似文献
150.
In a series of four experiments, we evaluated observers' abilities to perceive and discriminate ordinal depth relationships between separated local surface regions for objects depicted by static, deforming, and disparate boundary contours or silhouettes. Comparisons were also made between judgments made for silhouettes and for objects defined by surface texture, which permits judgment based on conventional static texture gradients, conventional stereopsis, and conventional structure-from-motion. In all the experiments, the observers were able to detect, with relatively high precision, ordinal depth relationships, an aspect of local three-dimensional (3-D) structure, from boundary contours or silhouettes. The results of the experiments clearly demonstrate that the static, disparate, and deforming boundary contours of solid objects are perceptually important optical sources of information about 3-D shape. Other factors that were found to affect performance were the amount of separation between the local surface regions, the proximity or closeness of the regions to the boundary contour itself, and for the conditions with deforming contours, the overall magnitude of the boundary deformation. 相似文献