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101.
Thomas E. Gladwin Martin Mbius Shane McLoughlin Ian Tyndall 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2019,110(1):3-14
Dot‐probe or visual probe tasks (VPTs) are used extensively to measure attentional biases. A novel variant termed the cued VPT (cVPT) was developed to focus on the anticipatory component of attentional bias. This study aimed to establish an anticipatory attentional bias to threat using the cVPT and compare its split‐half reliability with a typical dot‐probe task. A total of 120 students performed the cVPT task and dot‐probe tasks. Essentially, the cVPT uses cues that predict the location of pictorial threatening stimuli, but on trials on which probe stimuli are presented the pictures do not appear. Hence, actual presentation of emotional stimuli did not affect responses. The reliability of the cVPT was higher at most cue–stimulus intervals and was .56 overall. A clear anticipatory attentional bias was found. In conclusion, the cVPT may be of methodological and theoretical interest. Using visually neutral predictive cues may remove sources of noise that negatively impact reliability. Predictive cues are able to bias response selection, suggesting a role of predicted outcomes in automatic processes. 相似文献
102.
In signal detection theory (SDT), responses are governed by perceptual noise and a flexible decision criterion. Recent criticisms
of SDT (see, e.g., Balakrishnan, 1999) have identified violations of its assumptions, and researchers have suggested that
SDT fundamentally misrepresents perceptual and decision processes. We hypothesize that, instead, these violations of SDT stem
from decision noise: the inability to use deterministic response criteria. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we present
a simple extension of SDT—the decision noise model—with which we demonstrate that shifts in a decision criterion can be masked
by decision noise. In addition, we propose a new statistic that can help identify whether the violations of SDT stem from
perceptual or from decision processes. The results of a stimulus classification experiment—together with model fits to past
experiments—show that decision noise substantially affects performance. These findings suggest that decision noise is important
across a wide range of tasks and needs to be better understood in order to accurately measure perceptual processes. 相似文献
103.
Michael D. Mumford Katrina E. Bedell‐Avers Samuel T. Hunter Jazmine Espejo Dawn Eubanks Mary Shane Connelly 《Journal of applied social psychology》2008,38(6):1521-1561
Multiple models have been proposed to account for violence among ideological groups. To identify critical variables contributing to violent behavior in these groups, violent ideological groups were compared to relevant comparison groups. A historically based content analysis was conducted to assess these groups with respect to a number of variables examining leader, group, organizational, and environmental attributes held to influence violence. Discriminant analyses revealed that violent ideological groups differed from comparison groups with respect to leader extremism, group righteousness, organizational indoctrination, and environmental conflict and disruption. Regression analyses revealed that these discriminant functions predicted a number of notable violent and ideological criteria. The implications of these findings for understanding the origins of violence in ideological groups are discussed. 相似文献
104.
105.
We employed a variation of the Azrin–Foxx ( 1971 ) procedure with a 3.5‐year‐old boy diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disability (PDD). Unique features of our design included tailoring to the in‐home environment, training without systematically increasing fluid intake, introduction under circumstances that facilitated generalization and transfer without special procedures, the elimination of some specialized equipment, and use of social and activity reinforcers. Training was successful and was reported to have generalized to the inclusive school environment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
106.
Michael D. MumfordMary Shane Connelly Whitney B. HeltonJudy R. Van Doorn Holly K. Osburn 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2002,61(2):348-373
Two general approaches have been used to measure human values. In one approach, a direct approach, people are asked to endorse value statements. In the other approach, an indirect approach, people are asked to make choices indicative of their values. The intent of the current study was to compare these two general approaches to the measurement of values. Initially, 195 undergraduates were asked to complete both a direct measure and an indirect measure of their values before starting work on three performance tasks: an entrepreneurial task, a consulting task, and a marketing task. When scores on these performance tasks were regressed on the value measures, it was found that both types of measures yielded effective prediction. The indirect measures, however, appeared to yield better prediction and better discrimination of cross-task performance differences than the direct measures. The implications of these findings with respect to the identification and assessment of values are discussed. 相似文献
107.
Matthew W. Gallagher Shane J. Lopez Kristopher J. Preacher 《Journal of personality》2009,77(4):1025-1050
ABSTRACT Theories of hedonic, eudaimonic, and social well-being provide 3 extensively studied models for explaining flourishing mental health. Few studies have examined whether these models can be integrated into a comprehensive structure of well-being. The present study builds upon previous theoretical and empirical work to determine the complex relationships among these 3 models of well-being. Confirmatory factor analysis techniques were used to test a series of models in order to (a) confirm the proposed latent structures of hedonic, eudaimonic, and social well-being and (b) examine whether these models could be successfully integrated into a hierarchical structure of well-being. In 2 large samples, results supported the proposed latent structures of hedonic, eudaimonic, and social well-being and indicated that the various components of well-being could be represented most parsimoniously with 3 oblique second-order constructs of hedonic, eudaimonic, and social well-being. 相似文献
108.
Nicos Nicolaou Scott Shane Lynn Cherkas Tim D. Spector 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2009,110(2):108
We applied quantitative genetics techniques to a sample of 851 pairs of monozygotic and 855 pairs of dizygotic female twins to examine the influence of genetic factors on the variation across people in opportunity recognition. We also examined the extent to which the same genetic factors contribute to both opportunity recognition and the tendency to be an entrepreneur. We found substantial heritability for opportunity recognition (0.45), with no influence of the shared environment. Moreover, we found that 53% of the phenotypic correlation between opportunity recognition and the tendency to be an entrepreneur had a common genetic aetiology. 相似文献
109.
110.