Alternative Approaches for Measuring Values: Direct and Indirect Assessments in Performance Prediction

Two general approaches have been used to measure human values. In one approach, a direct approach, people are asked to endorse value statements. In the other approach, an indirect approach, people are asked to make choices indicative of their values. The intent of the current study was to compare these two general approaches to the measurement of values. Initially, 195 undergraduates were asked to complete both a direct measure and an indirect measure of their values before starting work on three performance tasks: an entrepreneurial task, a consulting task, and a marketing task. When scores on these performance tasks were regressed on the value measures, it was found that both types of measures yielded effective prediction. The indirect measures, however, appeared to yield better prediction and better discrimination of cross-task performance differences than the direct measures. The implications of these findings with respect to the identification and assessment of values are discussed.     

The Hierarchical Structure of Well-Being

ABSTRACT Theories of hedonic, eudaimonic, and social well-being provide 3 extensively studied models for explaining flourishing mental health. Few studies have examined whether these models can be integrated into a comprehensive structure of well-being. The present study builds upon previous theoretical and empirical work to determine the complex relationships among these 3 models of well-being. Confirmatory factor analysis techniques were used to test a series of models in order to (a) confirm the proposed latent structures of hedonic, eudaimonic, and social well-being and (b) examine whether these models could be successfully integrated into a hierarchical structure of well-being. In 2 large samples, results supported the proposed latent structures of hedonic, eudaimonic, and social well-being and indicated that the various components of well-being could be represented most parsimoniously with 3 oblique second-order constructs of hedonic, eudaimonic, and social well-being.     

Opportunity recognition and the tendency to be an entrepreneur: A bivariate genetics perspective

We applied quantitative genetics techniques to a sample of 851 pairs of monozygotic and 855 pairs of dizygotic female twins to examine the influence of genetic factors on the variation across people in opportunity recognition. We also examined the extent to which the same genetic factors contribute to both opportunity recognition and the tendency to be an entrepreneur. We found substantial heritability for opportunity recognition (0.45), with no influence of the shared environment. Moreover, we found that 53% of the phenotypic correlation between opportunity recognition and the tendency to be an entrepreneur had a common genetic aetiology.     

Open versus closed economies: performance of domestic hens under fixed ratio schedules

Domestic hens responded under fixed-ratio schedules of food (wheat) reinforcement under several experimental conditions. Part 1 (open economy) investigated performance on fixed-ratio schedules over both multisession steady-state conditions and daily changes of the schedule, with hens maintained at 80% of free-feeding weights by extraexperimental feeding. In Parts 2 and 3 (closed economy and short sessions) sessions were 40 min long, and the hens' weights were allowed to vary (Part 2) or sessions were conducted only when the hens were at approximately 80% of free-feeding weights (Part 3). In Part 4 (closed economy and long sessions) sessions were 24 hr long and the fixed-ratio requirement was changed either daily or after 7 consecutive days. In general, the daily changes of fixed-ratio requirement in the open economy and short-session closed economy gave much the same result as the steady-state open-economy sessions. Overall response and reinforcer rates decreased with increasing fixed-ratio requirement (except at the shortest fixed ratios). Running response rates decreased, and postreinforcement pauses generally increased. In contrast, overall response rates in the long-session closed economy generally increased with the fixed-ratio requirement. Session length is suggested as a cause of the differences between the short- and long-session closed-economy results.     

Stimulus proba]bility and choice reaction time

Two experiments, in which three stimuli were paired with two responses in a 2∶1, 1∶1 arrangement, showed choice RT to be a decreasing function of the relative frequency of stimulus occurrence when response frequencies are equated. The size of effect varied significantly with stimulus type (Experiment 1), being larger for circular light patches of differing diameter than for sets of colors, letters, and spatially distributed light sources, but was independent of differences in the similarity of stimulus alternatives within a set (Experiment 2). The results are discussed in terms of various strategies of stimulus identification.     

A COMPARISON OF TWO TECHNIQUES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF INTERNATIONAL JUDGMENT

On trouve, dans la littérature, de bons arguments en faveur d'une procédure pour l'étude des jugements qui permette aux répondants de fournir leurs propres dimensions de réponses. Cette approche diffère du différenciateur sémantique, entre autres, dans lequel les échelles utilisées sont fournies par le chercheur. Les AA. examinent dans cet article les relations entre les résultats obtenus avec l'une et l'autre des deux méthodes. On demande aux sujets de juger du gouvernement actuel de io pays en termes de ressemblance-dissemblance par paires; les réponses sont soumises à une analyse pluridimensionnelle (multidimensional scaling) afin de mettre en évidence les dimensions qui sous-tendent les jugements. Ces représentations, en termes de dimensions, sont alors comparées aux notes correspondant aux facteurs Evaluation et Puissance du différenciateur sémantique. On constate que pour l'ensemble des sujets la dimension principale mise en évidence par l'analyse pluridimensionnelle correspond nettement au facteur Evaluation et que la dimension qui vient en second rang est en liaison avec le facteur Puissance. Des analyses séparées ont été également faites en fonction de l'orientation politique des répondants : on constate que les jugements que portent sur les gouvernements les sujets de droite sont beaucoup plus teintés d'Evaluation.