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本文试图从说一切有部的观点出发,论述九定或等至与涅槃解脱的关系。"九定/等至"就是四禅和前三无色定,再加未至定和中间定。佛教认为,修行者只要依靠这九定中任何一定,断除三界烦恼,就可以获得解脱,而依靠最高的非想非非想定并无能力断除烦恼,从而获得解脱的机会,因为在此定境中没有无漏道。另外,修行者只要获得九个等至的任何一个,如果没有断除烦恼,就会投生到与此定相应的天界中去,投生天界还是获得解脱,主要看修行者修定时是否能够断除三界烦恼。 相似文献
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科学在许多情况下都是与宗教对立的,但是在某些场合又与宗教保持着若即若离的联系。在探索宇宙的无限奥秘、物质运动的绝对规律以及科学家对大自然的壮美表达无比赞叹的情怀方面,上帝作为宇宙的“逻格斯”以及宗教作为人类情感的“终极关怀”都一定程度地反映在人类的科学事业和科学家的个人情感中。所以,具有科学家和传教士双重身份的德日进 相似文献
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Clinical observations suggest that re-experiencing symptoms are triggered by stimuli that are perceptually similar to those present shortly before the trauma or its worst moments. Two experiments investigated the possible role of perceptual priming in this phenomenon. Volunteers (N = 28, N = 62) watched a series of "traumatic" and neutral picture stories, and completed blurred object identification (priming) and recognition memory tasks. Neutral objects that immediately preceded the "traumatic" stories were more strongly primed, but not better recognised, than objects from neutral stories. Enhanced priming predicted subsequent re-experiencing symptoms. The results support the role of perceptual priming in re-experiencing. 相似文献
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Xiuyan Guo Shan Jiang Hongyi Wang Lei Zhu Jinghua Tang Zoltan Dienes Zhiliang Yang 《Consciousness and cognition》2013,22(1):203-211
We demonstrated unconscious learning of task-irrelevant perceptual regularities in a Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task in both visual and auditory domains. Participants were required to respond to different letters (‘F’ or ‘J’, experiment 1) or syllables (‘can’ or ‘you’, experiment 2) which occurred in random order. Unbeknownst to participants, the color (red, green, blue or yellow) of the two letters or the tone (1–4) of the syllables varied according to certain rules. Reaction times indicated that people indeed learnt both the color and tonal regularities indicating that task-irrelevant sequence structure can be learned perceptually. In a subsequent prediction test of knowledge of the color or tonal cues using subjective measures, we showed that people could acquire task irrelevant knowledge unconsciously. 相似文献
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Feifei Li Shan Jiang Xiuyan Guo Zhiliang Yang Zoltan Dienes 《Consciousness and cognition》2013,22(3):920-930
Previous research has established that people can implicitly learn chunks, which (in terms of formal language theory) do not require a memory buffer to process. The present study explores the implicit learning of nonlocal dependencies generated by higher than finite-state grammars, specifically, Chinese tonal retrogrades (i.e. centre embeddings generated from a context-free grammar) and inversions (i.e. cross-serial dependencies generated from a mildly context-sensitive grammar), which do require buffers (for example, last in-first out and first in-first out, respectively). People were asked to listen to and memorize artificial poetry instantiating one of the two grammars; after this training phase, people were informed of the existence of rules and asked to classify new poems, while providing attributions of the basis of their judgments. People acquired unconscious structural knowledge of both tonal retrogrades and inversions. Moreover, inversions were implicitly learnt more easily than retrogrades constraining the nature of the memory buffer in computational models of implicit learning. 相似文献
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Shan Du 《Studia Logica》2014,102(5):931-954
In this paper we prove the pretabularity criteria for the logics of infinite depth in NExtK4. Then we use the criteria to resolve the problems of pretabular logics in NExtQ4 and prove that there is a continuum of pretabular logics in NExtQ4 just like NExtK4. 相似文献
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O Diaz-Ruiz Y Zhang L Shan N Malik AF Hoffman B Ladenheim JL Cadet CR Lupica A Tagliaferro A Brusco CM Bäckman 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2012,19(8):341-350
In the present study, we analyzed mice with a targeted deletion of β-catenin in DA neurons (DA-βcat KO mice) to address the functional significance of this molecule in the shaping of synaptic responses associated with motor learning and following exposure to drugs of abuse. Relative to controls, DA-βcat KO mice showed significant deficits in their ability to form long-term memories and displayed reduced expression of methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization after subsequent challenge doses with this drug, suggesting that motor learning and drug-induced learning plasticity are altered in these mice. Morphological analyses showed no changes in the number or distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-labeled neurons in the ventral midbrain. While electrochemical measurements in the striatum determined no changes in acute DA release and uptake, a small but significant decrease in DA release was detected in mutant animals after prolonged repetitive stimulation, suggesting a possible deficit in the DA neurotransmitter vesicle reserve pool. However, electron microscopy analyses did not reveal significant differences in the content of synaptic vesicles per terminal, and striatal DA levels were unchanged in DA-βcat KO animals. In contrast, striatal mRNA levels for several markers known to regulate synaptic plasticity and DA neurotransmission were altered in DA-βcat KO mice. This study demonstrates that ablation of β-catenin in DA neurons leads to alterations of motor and reward-associated memories and to adaptations of the DA neurotransmitter system and suggests that β-catenin signaling in DA neurons is required to facilitate the synaptic remodeling underlying the consolidation of long-term memories. 相似文献
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