面孔审美加工的神经机制及个体差异

外显和内隐的面孔审美加工的脑成像研究表明,美的面孔比不美的面孔导致眶额皮层、伏隔核、杏仁核等奖赏脑区更大的激活。脑电研究则发现了与面孔审美加工有关的早期负波和晚期正成分。面孔审美加工有关的脑区活动也受到性别、生理周期等个体因素的调节。未来的研究需要比较美的面孔与其它奖赏刺激加工的神经机制,探讨面孔审美加工的不同阶段及时间进程,在面孔知觉的框架下形成合理的面孔审美加工的神经模型。     

从母亲的敏感性到学步儿的依恋安全性：内部工作模式的桥梁作用

采用视觉习惯化实验程序、陌生情境技术及母亲行为Q分类方法对41名14个月的学步儿及其母亲进行了学步儿内部工作模式、学步儿在陌生情境中的依恋类型以及母亲在母婴互动中的敏感性的评估。结果发现：(1)不安全型的学步儿预期看护者对他们痛苦的信号是无回应的。(2)以自身为中心的母亲的学步儿预期看护者是无回应的。(3)潜类别分析的结果发现母亲敏感性影响学步儿依恋行为的2种关系模式：类别1, 以孩子为中心的母亲的学步儿更容易形成看护者是有回应的预期, 持这种预期的学步儿在陌生情境程序中表现出安全依恋行为; 类别2, 以自身为中心的母亲养育出的学步儿更容易对看护者形成无回应的预期, 并在陌生情境中表现出不安全依恋行为。研究表明：内部工作模式在母亲的敏感性和学步儿的依恋安全性之间起着重要的内部机制作用—— 母亲的敏感性行为的累积促进了学步儿内部工作模式关于母亲的预期, 这种预期又进一步引导着学步儿的依恋行为。     

音乐诱发情绪测量及其影响因素*

使用音乐诱发情绪是有效且特殊的诱发方式。本文对音乐诱发情绪的自我报告测量、心理生理测量和功能神经成像测量进行了系统的梳理,并阐述了一种基于音乐特定模型的情绪测量方法。文章从音乐刺激的选择、听者特征以及情境特征三方面对影响音乐情绪测量的因素进行了总结。并为保证测量的准确性进一步提出确定理论模型一致性、结合多元方法、利用有效刺激材料、认真考评情境和参与者特征等解决思路,并阐明了此领域的研究趋势。     

比较基因组学研究与应用中的辩证思维

比较基因组学是人类基因组计划的重要组成部分.它利用人类基因组与模式生物基因组之间编码顺序上和组织结构上的同源性,发现和克隆人类基因,揭示基因功能,从而阐明物种的进化关系及基因组的内在结构.比较基因组学的创立、内容及应用都充分体现着辩证思维的哲学观点.     

经学视野下的儒学三形态

文章认为经学的发展历程对儒学的发展影响极大,政治儒学、心性儒学和世俗化儒学三种形态都与经学历史之间存在着紧密的联系,它们都以儒家经典作为自己最高的文本依据,以经典解释学的方式表现自身,经学的转型也意味着儒学发展的新方向,经学的发展史与三种形态儒学的发展之间存在着互动。     

褚伯玉与《太平经》

本文通过对有关<太平经>在南齐流传的一条资料进行考辨,旨在说明<上清道类事相>和<南岳总胜集>关于南朝隐士褚伯玉曾读过<太平经>的记载是不可信的.因此,一些以此为据来说明<太平经>在南齐时流传情况的论著也就是站不住脚的.但是,从文献的蛛丝马迹中,似乎又让人觉得褚伯玉与<太平经>有很多关联.文章以文献梳理为线索,试图展示其中细微之处,为确定<太平经>的成书年代和了解南朝<太平经>流传情况提供一些帮助.     

大学生孤独感结构特点的初步研究

采用自编的大学生孤独感结构问卷,对大学生孤独感结构的特点进行了初步研究,结果表明：大学生孤独感与其自我同一性发展有关系;大学生在孤独感结构问卷的各维度和总分上的得分存在性别、生源、学科门类、学历层次、年级、学校性质等人口学变量上的差异,但差异的表现是复杂多样的;大学生孤独感并不总是消极的,更多的大学生认为适度的孤独感可以为其提供动力,因而也具有积极意义。     

More efficient parameter estimates for factor analysis of ordinal variables by ridge generalized least squares

Data in psychology are often collected using Likert‐type scales, and it has been shown that factor analysis of Likert‐type data is better performed on the polychoric correlation matrix than on the product‐moment covariance matrix, especially when the distributions of the observed variables are skewed. In theory, factor analysis of the polychoric correlation matrix is best conducted using generalized least squares with an asymptotically correct weight matrix (AGLS). However, simulation studies showed that both least squares (LS) and diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) perform better than AGLS, and thus LS or DWLS is routinely used in practice. In either LS or DWLS, the associations among the polychoric correlation coefficients are completely ignored. To mend such a gap between statistical theory and empirical work, this paper proposes new methods, called ridge GLS, for factor analysis of ordinal data. Monte Carlo results show that, for a wide range of sample sizes, ridge GLS methods yield uniformly more accurate parameter estimates than existing methods (LS, DWLS, AGLS). A real‐data example indicates that estimates by ridge GLS are 9–20% more efficient than those by existing methods. Rescaled and adjusted test statistics as well as sandwich‐type standard errors following the ridge GLS methods also perform reasonably well.     

Empirically Corrected Rescaled Statistics for SEM with Small N and Large p

Survey data often contain many variables. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is commonly used in analyzing such data. With typical nonnormally distributed data in practice, a rescaled statistic T_rml proposed by Satorra and Bentler was recommended in the literature of SEM. However, T_rml has been shown to be problematic when the sample size N is small and/or the number of variables p is large. There does not exist a reliable test statistic for SEM with small N or large p, especially with nonnormally distributed data. Following the principle of Bartlett correction, this article develops empirical corrections to T_rml so that the mean of the empirically corrected statistics approximately equals the degrees of freedom of the nominal chi-square distribution. Results show that empirically corrected statistics control type I errors reasonably well even when N is smaller than 2p, where T_rml may reject the correct model 100% even for normally distributed data. The application of the empirically corrected statistics is illustrated via a real data example.     

Aging affects the balance between goal-guided and habitual spatial attention

Visual clutter imposes significant challenges to older adults in everyday tasks and often calls on selective processing of relevant information. Previous research has shown that both visual search habits and task goals influence older adults’ allocation of spatial attention, but has not examined the relative impact of these two sources of attention when they compete. To examine how aging affects the balance between goal-driven and habitual attention, and to inform our understanding of different attentional subsystems, we tested young and older adults in an adapted visual search task involving a display laid flat on a desk. To induce habitual attention, unbeknownst to participants, the target was more often placed in one quadrant than in the others. All participants rapidly acquired habitual attention toward the high-probability quadrant. We then informed participants where the high-probability quadrant was and instructed them to search that screen location first—but pitted their habit-based, viewer-centered search against this instruction by requiring participants to change their physical position relative to the desk. Both groups prioritized search in the instructed location, but this effect was stronger in young adults than in older adults. In contrast, age did not influence viewer-centered search habits: the two groups showed similar attentional preference for the visual field where the target was most often found before. Aging disrupted goal-guided but not habitual attention. Product, work, and home design for people of all ages––but especially for older individuals––should take into account the strong viewer-centered nature of habitual attention.