Psychological aspects of genetic counseling. VIII. Suffering and countertransference

Two common forms of countertransferential problems seen in genetic counseling, associative and projective, are described and illustrated. Both forms have the potential of reducing the quality of empathy counselors provide counselees. When counselors experience the same problems as the counselees they counsel it is virtually impossible to avoid facing countertransferential reactions which may not always promote the counselees' interests and/or redound to their benefit. Genetic counselors, like other personal counselors and psychotherapists, have a professional responsibility to be aware of, monitor, contain, and learn from their countertransferential experiences.     

Psychological Aspects of Genetic Counseling: XII. More on Counseling Skills

Three brief excerpts of genetic counseling sessions are analyzed to illustrate difficulties in applying counseling skills. Suggestions are advanced as to how genetic counselors might improve their competence in counseling practices and handle such issues as transference more effectively.     

Interaction of concurrent generative and expressive activity in production of typewritten lists

Ten touch-typists type lists of abbreviated month names under four directional instructions (Forward, Backward, Centre-out and End-in). The lists were typed on a teletype unit linked to a laboratory computer, and the duration of Start, Inter-word, Inter-letter, carriage Return, and Quit response times (RTs) were recorded throughout production of each list. The major effects of direction of listing were on the Inter-word RTs. However, there were also consistent effects on Inter-letter RT (an index of keyboard skill) and Return RT (an index of list formatting operations). These results are discussed in relation to the notion of a ‘working memory’ of limited capacity.     

Isolation-induced aggression in newly hatched ducklings.

Newly hatched Khaki Campbell ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) were initially housed in pairs and subsequently transferred to isolated housing conditions. Subjects living with another bird displayed filial behavior and little aggression upon encountering another duckling in a test arena. In contrast, ducklings housed in isolation exhibited aggressive pecking in addition to filial behavior when another duckling was subsequently encountered. In Experiment 2, ducklings were housed with an imprinting object (i.e., an object that elicits attachment behavior), but they were otherwise isolated from other birds. These subjects displayed little aggression when they were subsequently reunited with a conspecific, indicating that the aggression-precluding effects of social housing are not limited to the particular social stimulus with which the ducklings are housed. In Experiment 3, ducklings were again housed with an imprinting object, but this time the object was behind glass, thereby precluding tactile contact with it. Since these birds also exhibited little aggression when reunited with a conspecific, it is apparent that visual stimulation from an imprinting object is sufficient in itself to preclude subsequent aggression. These findings suggest that stimulation that elicits attachment behavior is the critical factor mediating isolation-induced aggression.     

Hierarchical stages in the processing of visual information

Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics - Previous research had indicated that when subjects are instructed to report one of a number of visually displayed items, both the number and spacing of...