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211.
Yanil Hepp Luis María Pérez-Cuesta Héctor Maldonado María Eugenia Pedreira 《Animal cognition》2010,13(3):391-403
A decline in the frequency or intensity of a conditioned behavior following the withdrawal of the reinforcement is called
experimental extinction. However, the experimental manipulation necessary to trigger memory reconsolidation or extinction
is to expose the animal to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of reinforcement. Recovery protocols were used to reveal
which of these two processes was developed. By using the crab contextual memory model (a visual danger stimulus associated
with the training context), we investigated the dynamics of extinction memory in Chasmagnathus. Here, we reveal the presence of three recovery protocols that restore the original memory: the old memory comes back 4 days
after the extinction training, or when a weak training is administered later, or once the VDS is presented in a novel context
24 h after the extinction session. Another objective was to evaluate whether the administration of multi-trial extinction
training could trigger an extinction memory in Chasmagnathus. The results evince that the extinction memory appears only when the total re-exposure time is around 90 min independently
of the number of trials employed to accumulate it. Thus, it is feasible that the mechanisms described for the case of the
extinction memory acquired through a single training trial are valid for multi-trial extinction protocols. Finally, these
results are in agreement with those reports obtained with models phylogenetically far apart from the crab. Behind this attempt
is the idea that in the domain of studies on memory, some principles of behavior organization and basic mechanisms have universal
validity. 相似文献
212.
213.
A. Timothy Church Marcia S. Katigbak Alicia M. del Prado Jos Luis Valdez-Medina Lilia G. Miramontes Fernando A. Ortiz 《Journal of research in personality》2006,40(6):1169-1201
We investigated trait self-enhancement, explanatory variables, and adjustment in European American (n = 141), Asian American (n = 72), Mexican (n = 141), and Filipino (n = 174) college students. Consistent with trait perspectives, students in all cultural groups rated their traits with moderate to high accuracy, using peer ratings as a criterion. European Americans did not exhibit self-enhancement relative to peers, but both self and peer ratings were higher (i.e., more positive) for European Americans than for the other three groups. Support was found for some, but not all, cultural psychology explanations of self-enhancement. In all cultural groups, self-enhancement was more associated with personal (intrapsychic) adjustment than interpersonal adjustment, as judged by peers. The results provided support for an integration of trait and cultural psychology perspectives. 相似文献
214.
Filipe Rodrigues Diogo S. Teixeira Luis Cid Srgio Machado Diogo Monteiro 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2019,60(6):585-595
Motivation plays an important role when it comes to regular physical exercise. Hence, low levels of intentions to continue exercising in the future may ultimately lead to higher rates of exercise dropout. The first objective of the present research was to test a theoretical model considering the dark side of motivational determinants on intentions towards exercising in the future. The second objective consisted in comparing groups with different characteristics, as a way to identify individuals with weaker intention, which is believed to be an indicator of a higher dropout risk. In total, 544 (294 female; 250 male) gym exercisers aged between 18 and 58 years (M = 35.00; SD = 11.57) partook in the present research. Participants were engaged in fitness group classes (n = 273) or in cardio/resistance workouts (n = 271), and their exercise experience ranged from 3 to 120 months (M = 47.41; SD = 7.54). Results showed that the measurement and the structural model had an excellent fit. In addition, the structural model was invariant between gender, fitness activities, and exercise experience. Each group displayed different explained variance in intention to continue exercising. Overall, male, young adults and more experienced exercisers had stronger intentions towards exercising. Fitness instructors should be aware of their own thwarting behaviors, especially when interacting with female, young and less experienced exercisers, since they have weaker intentions to exercise in the future, possibly representing an increased risk of withdrawal. 相似文献
215.
Three studies examined the relationships among anger, gender, and status conferral. As in prior research, men who expressed anger in a professional context were conferred higher status than men who expressed sadness. However, both male and female evaluators conferred lower status on angry female professionals than on angry male professionals. This was the case regardless of the actual occupational rank of the target, such that both a female trainee and a female CEO were given lower status if they expressed anger than if they did not. Whereas women's emotional reactions were attributed to internal characteristics (e.g., "she is an angry person,"she is out of control"), men's emotional reactions were attributed to external circumstances. Providing an external attribution for the target person's anger eliminated the gender bias. Theoretical implications and practical applications are discussed. 相似文献
216.
David A. Lishner Luis V. Oceja E. L. Stocks Kirstin Zaspel 《Motivation and emotion》2008,32(4):270-277
Three experiments tested the hypothesis that empathic concern for adults in need is enhanced by the degree of target infant-like
characteristics. Participants reported feeling more empathic concern for an adult target with a more infant-like face than
for an adult with a more adult-like face in a Spanish sample (Experiment 1) and in an American sample (Experiment 2). A similar
effect was found when participants were presented with either an adult with a more infant-like voice or an adult with a more
adult-like voice in a second American sample (Experiment 3). Additional analyses suggest that the infant-like characteristic
effect on empathic concern is not mediated by observer perceptions of target attractiveness, target age or youthfulness, target
vulnerability, or observer similarity to the target. These results support the proposition that infant-like cues enhance empathic
concern in human observers and that the phenomenon generalizes across stimulus modality, gender, and nationality.
相似文献
E. L. StocksEmail: |
217.
Jiménez L 《Psychological research》2008,72(4):387-396
When exposed to a regular sequence, people learn to exploit its predictable structure. There have been two major ways of thinking
about learning under these conditions: either as the acquisition of general statistical information about the transition probabilities
displayed by the sequence or as a process of memorizing and using separate chunks that can later become progressively composed
with extended practice. Even though chunk learning has been adopted by some theories of skill acquisition as their main building
block, the evidence for chunk formation is scarce in some areas, and is especially so in the continuous serial reaction-time
(SRT) task, which has become a major research tool in the study of implicit learning. This article presents a reappraisal,
replication and extension of an experiment that stands so far as one of the few alleged demonstrations of chunk learning in
the SRT task (Koch and Hoffmann, Psychological Res., 63:22–35, 2000). It shows that the effects which were taken as evidence
for chunk learning can indeed be obtained before any systematic training and thus surely reflect a preexistent tendency rather
than a learned outcome. Further analyses of the effects after extended practice confirm that this tendency remains essentially
unchanged over continuous training unlike what could be expected from a chunk-based account of sequence learning. 相似文献
218.
We posit that the high rates of suicidal behavior by teenage Hispanic females reported in large-scale surveys can be understood as a cultural phenomenon, a product of specific elements of the history, tradition, ideology, or social norms of a particular society, and that treatment interventions must take family and cultural factors into consideration. For over a decade, surveys have reported that among ethnic and racial minority youth in the United States, Latinas have the highest rates of suicidal behavior compared to African American and non-Hispanic White adolescent females. However, other research shows that the psychological profiles of suicidal Latina adolescent girls and the risk factors for Latina suicidal behavior may not be that different from non-Hispanic suicidal adolescent females. The unique situation of adolescent Latinas involves the convergence of cultural and familial factors (i.e., familism, acculturation, relatedness, autonomy, etc.) with the developmental, social, and individual factors frequently associated with suicidal behaviors. Based on this background, family-oriented interventions appear to be the most appropriate approach to the prevention and treatment of Hispanic suicidal girls. Factors implicated in Latina suicidal behavior and community-based interventions that include the adolescent and her family are suggested. 相似文献
219.
Flores-González LM 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2008,42(2):187-193
Intersubjectivity and consciousness are reinterpreted according to the dynamic and relational coordinates of lived experience.
Consciousness is not just another property of the subject, but rather the condition itself of his/her own being-in-the-world.
The different aspects of consciousness are the moments and movements which constitute its intentional structure. These structures lead us to reinterpret material embodiment, temporality, and intersubjectivity as the “complex”
steps taken by consciousness, which in its movements does not turn inward, on itself like a transcendental, reasoning, and
self-centred consciousness, but, on the contrary, as an embodied consciousness immersed in others and in the world.
Luis Manuel Flores-González Ph.D. Université Catholique de Louvain. Belgium. Teacher of Philosophy in the Faculty of Education. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. 相似文献
Luis Manuel Flores-GonzálezEmail: |
Luis Manuel Flores-González Ph.D. Université Catholique de Louvain. Belgium. Teacher of Philosophy in the Faculty of Education. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. 相似文献
220.
Langley LK Saville AL Gayzur ND Fuentes LJ 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2008,15(6):657-686
In three experiments age differences in attention to semantic context were examined. The performance of younger adults (ages 18-29 years) and older adults (ages 60-79 years) on a semantic priming task indicated that both age groups could use information regarding the probability that a prime and target would be related to flexibly anticipate the target category given the prime word (Experiment 1). The timing by which target expectancies were reflected in reaction time performance was delayed for older adults as compared to younger adults, but only when the target was expected to be semantically unrelated to the prime word (Experiment 2). When the target and prime were expected to be semantically related, the time course of priming effects was similar for younger and older adults (Experiment 3). Together the findings indicate that older adults are able to use semantic context and the probability of stimulus relatedness to anticipate target information. Although aging may be associated with a delay in the timing by which controlled expectancies are expressed, these findings argue against an age-related decline in the ability to represent contextual information. 相似文献