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161.
José Antonio Ruiz-Ballesteros Sergio Moreno-Ríos 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2016,28(4):505-511
In this research, we investigate whether semifactual conditionals such as “even if there had been an A, there would have been a B” are understood by thinking initially of the antecedent “A”, as was found with factual conditionals. The “inherent directionality” hypothesis assumes that for the comprehension of most relational statements, a presuppositional element (i.e. the “relatum”) is initially established. For “even if”, both terms could work as “relatum”. This is because on the one hand, people tend to infer “B” from “A” and “not-A” and, on the other hand, “B” could work as a pragmatic presupposition. In the present experiment, semifactual and factual conditionals were tested with a sentence-picture verification task. Results were consistent with the “inherent directionality” hypothesis: only “if then” factual conditionals, but not semifactuals, showed a preference for reasoning from the antecedent, with faster verifications. 相似文献
162.
This paper reports on a study about the reliability and validity of a structured behavioral interview to assess private security personnel. Reliability was estimated using interrater coefficients. Two independent interviewers were used to rate each interviewee. Results show a reliability coefficient of .81 (N = 43) and .89 with Spearman-Brown correction for two raters. Validity was estimated using a content validation approach. This strategy was suggested by Lawshe (1975) to estimate the content validity of selection tests. So far, only two studies carried out by Schmitt and Ostroff (1986) and Carrier et al. (1990) have used Lawshe's strategy in the structured behavioral interview case. The interview consisted of seven questions and each was rated by 11 experts in the job. Results show a significant content validity ratio (CVR) for majority of the questions in the interview and a content validity index (CVI) of .89. Implications of these findings for the practice of the structured behavioral interview are discussed and future research is suggested. 相似文献
163.
Lori K. Smith Evelyn F. Field Margaret L. Forgie Sergio M. Pellis 《Aggressive behavior》1996,22(3):215-226
The play fighting behaviour of male rats (Rattus norvegicus) castrated at weaning was compared to that of intact controls during the juvenile and post-pubertal phases of development. Following puberty, both the castrated and intact animals exhibited an age-related change in their play fighting; the frequency of initiating play fighting decreased and juvenile patterns of playful defense were replaced by more adult-like patterns. As these changes occurred even in the absence of the pubertal surge of gonadal hormones, they were more likely to result from the organizational effects of gonadal hormones in the perinatal period than the activational effects of these hormones at puberty. Although the castrated animals exhibited the age-related changes in behaviour, they did not exhibit the asymmetries in play associated with dominance relationships. As demonstrated in previous studies, in pairs of intact rats, the animal that attacks the most and uses more juvenile defenses during play fighting and weighs the least is typically the subordinate. In the castrates, asymmetries in weight and playful defense are not related to play frequency, indicating the absence of a dominance relationship. Although the characteristic changes in male play fighting at puberty are independent of the activational effects of gonadal hormones, dominance relationships and their associated changes in play fighting are dependent on these hormones. Therefore, in the perinatal period gonadal hormones most likely organize the age-related changes in play behaviour, whereas post-pubertally gonadal hormones activate dominance relationships and thus, indirectly modify play fighting by affecting dominance-associated assymetries in behaviour. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
164.
The purpose of present study is to analyse the relationship among certain family and school factors, adolescents' attitude towards institutional authority, and violent behaviour at school. The sample is composed of 1049 adolescents of both sexes and aged from 11 to 16 years old. Statistical analyses were carried out using structural equation modelling. Results indicate a close association between negative communication with father and violent behaviour in adolescence. Moreover, data suggest that teachers' expectations affect students' attitude towards institutional authority, which in turn is closely related to school violence. Finally, findings show an indirect influence of father, mother and teacher in adolescents' violent behaviour, mainly through their effect on family- and school-self-concept. 相似文献
165.
This article describes Hirsch's h index as a measure of researchers' scientific productivity and quality, examining its convergent validity with other productivity and quality measures (total citations, maximum citation, sexennials, years since earning Ph.D., and years as a full professor). It shows the distribution of the index among Spanish Social Psychology professors, and a comparison is made among the ten professors with highest h index of the six knowledge areas into which academic Psychology is divided in Spain. The results show that the index largely correlates with the citations but only very modestly with the number of sexennial investigations. The distributions by areas show that Psychobiology and Basic Psychology, as a whole, have a higher h index than the other areas, with Social Psychology in fourth place. Lastly, we discuss the implications of these results and we offer some recommendations for using the index in academic and research decision making. 相似文献
166.
Individual and social risk factors related to overt victimization in a sample of Spanish adolescents
This study analyzes the role of adolescents' self-esteem, loneliness, sociometric status, and perceptions of family and classroom environment on overt vicitimization by peers in a sample of 1319 Spanish adolescents (48% boys and 52% girls), ages 11 to 16 years (M=13.7, SD=1.5). The findings from structural equation modeling suggest that adolescents' self-esteem, loneliness, and sociometric status had a significant direct effect on overt victimization by peers, and adolescents' perceptions of family and classroom environment had a significant indirect effect on peer overt victimization mediated by self-esteem, loneliness, and sociometric status. The findings are discussed with the consideration of these variables as individual and social risk factors for overt victimization by peers. 相似文献
167.
Previous studies have demonstrated that paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) potentiates cocaine-induced genital reflexes in male rats and both D1 and D2 receptors may play a role in those effects, and to examine the possibility that such might involve other dopaminergic receptors, we investigated the effects of D3 and D4 receptor subtype antagonists on cocaine-induced reflexes in sleep-deprived rats. Separate groups of PSD rats received saline, D3 (U9919A; 0.75, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg) or D4 (L745870; 0.75, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg) antagonists prior to acute cocaine challenge. Results demonstrated that U9919A induced significant reduction in the number of animals that displayed erection and the frequency of erection at two smaller doses, while no significant difference was reported for the D4 receptor antagonist. Although our studies indicate that there is a relevant participation of D3 receptors in male sexual function, D4 receptors seem not to exert an essential role in this model. 相似文献
168.
Several different sources of evidence support the idea that visuo-spatial working memory can be segregated into separate cognitive subsystems. However, the nature of these systems remains unclear. Recently we reported data from neurological patients suggesting that information about visual appearance is retained in a different subsystem from information about spatial location. In this paper we report latency data from neurologically intact participants showing an experimental double dissociation between memory for appearance and memory for location. This was achieved by use of a selective dual task interference technique. This pattern provides evidence supporting the segregation of visuo-spatial memory between two systems, one of which supports memory for stimulus appearance and the other which supports memory for spatial location. 相似文献
169.
We compare three models of representation of item order in a verbal STM task: item-item associations, item-position associations, and primacy gradient. A speeded probed recall task is used, in which a list of words is presented, immediately followed by a probe; participants must report as fast as possible the word that was in the probed position. In the number probe condition, a digit is presented and one must say the word in that position. In the word probe condition, the probe is an item of the list and participants must say the immediately following item. Response times (RTs) are analyzed according to probe type and position. The three models imply different predictions about RTs as a function of serial order in the two conditions. Our results suggest a serial, self-terminating search from the beginning of the list to the target position, except for the final position, which is directly accessible. The item-item and item-position association models are ruled out; the primacy gradient model accounts satisfactorily for our results, except for the finding of a larger recency effect with a number probe. Alternative interpretations are also discussed. 相似文献
170.
Sergio Salvatore Guglielmo Forges Davanzati Silvia Potì Ruggero Ruggieri 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(2):158-177
This work presents a semiotic approach to the economy, underlining that any economic phenomena is at the same time a communicative
act as it is contingent to sense-making.The article discusses this topic by focusing on a specific phenomenon studied by economics:
the underground economy. It shows that the conceptualization of the underground economy in terms of sense-making processes
offers a thought-provoking perspective for theoretical development. More in general, the discussion proposed makes it clear
that in order to deepen our vision of economic phenomena in a more thoughtful and realistic way we need to rethink these phenomena
as being reciprocally and circularly embedded in the semiotic flow of life. The economy is within sense-making and it is shaped
by it; at the same time sense-making is within the economy, as its semiotic substance.
Sergio Salvatore is professor of Dynamic Psychology at the University of Salento (Lecce, Italy) and Director of the Doctoral Course in “Sciences of the Mind and Human Relations” Address: Department of Educational, Psychological and Teaching Science, Via Stampacchia, 45, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Guglielmo Forges Davanzati (Naples, Italy, 1967) is associate professor of History of Economics at the University of Salento. He deals with labour economics, Institutionalism, ethics and economics and Post-Keynesian macroeconomics. He has recently published Ethical codes and income distribution: A study of John Bates Clark and Thorstein Veblen, London-New York, Routledge 2006. Silvia Potì (Bari, Italy, 1978) presented her PhD Thesis in Clinical Psychology at the University of Salento. From 2007 to 2008 she held a post-doctoral fellowship in the Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris. Ruggero Ruggeri earned a PhD in Community Psychology and Training Education Models. He currently teaches Organization Psychology at the University of Salento. His research interests concern the passing of the baton in family-run businesses, mobbing, economic psychology and methodology of the psychology intervention. He is also a Management Consultant. 相似文献
Sergio SalvatoreEmail: |
Sergio Salvatore is professor of Dynamic Psychology at the University of Salento (Lecce, Italy) and Director of the Doctoral Course in “Sciences of the Mind and Human Relations” Address: Department of Educational, Psychological and Teaching Science, Via Stampacchia, 45, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Guglielmo Forges Davanzati (Naples, Italy, 1967) is associate professor of History of Economics at the University of Salento. He deals with labour economics, Institutionalism, ethics and economics and Post-Keynesian macroeconomics. He has recently published Ethical codes and income distribution: A study of John Bates Clark and Thorstein Veblen, London-New York, Routledge 2006. Silvia Potì (Bari, Italy, 1978) presented her PhD Thesis in Clinical Psychology at the University of Salento. From 2007 to 2008 she held a post-doctoral fellowship in the Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris. Ruggero Ruggeri earned a PhD in Community Psychology and Training Education Models. He currently teaches Organization Psychology at the University of Salento. His research interests concern the passing of the baton in family-run businesses, mobbing, economic psychology and methodology of the psychology intervention. He is also a Management Consultant. 相似文献