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211.
Michel Bitbol 《Synthese》2012,185(2):233-255
Emergence is interpreted in a non-dualist framework of thought. No metaphysical distinction between the higher and basic levels
of organization is supposed, but only a duality of modes of access. Moreover, these modes of access are not construed as mere
ways of revealing intrinsic patterns of organization: They are supposed to be constitutive of them, in Kant’s sense. The emergent levels of organization, and the inter-level causations as well, are therefore neither
illusory nor ontologically real: They are objective in the sense of transcendental epistemology. This neo-Kantian approach defuses several paradoxes associated with the concept
of downward causation, and enables one to make good sense of it independently of any prejudice about the existence (or inexistence)
of a hierarchy of levels of being. 相似文献
212.
The mathematical nature of modern science is an outcome of a contingent historical process, whose most critical stages occurred in the seventeenth century. ‘The mathematization of nature’ (Koyré 1957, From the closed world to the infinite universe, 5) is commonly hailed as the great achievement of the ‘scientific revolution’, but for the agents affecting this development it was not a clear insight into the structure of the universe or into the proper way of studying it. Rather, it was a deliberate project of great intellectual promise, but fraught with excruciating technical challenges and unsettling epistemological conundrums. These required a radical change in the relations between mathematics, order and physical phenomena and the development of new practices of tracing and analyzing motion. This essay presents a series of discrete moments in this process. For mediaeval and Renaissance philosophers, mathematicians and painters, physical motion was the paradigm of change, hence of disorder, and ipso facto available to mathematical analysis only as idealized abstraction. Kepler and Galileo boldly reverted the traditional presumptions: for them, mathematical harmonies were embedded in creation; motion was the carrier of order; and the objects of mathematics were mathematical curves drawn by nature itself. Mathematics could thus be assigned an explanatory role in natural philosophy, capturing a new metaphysical entity: pure motion. Successive generations of natural philosophers from Descartes to Huygens and Hooke gradually relegated the need to legitimize the application of mathematics to natural phenomena and the blurring of natural and artificial this application relied on. Newton finally erased the distinction between nature’s and artificial mathematics altogether, equating all of geometry with mechanical practice. 相似文献
213.
Catarina Dutilh Novaes 《Synthese》2012,185(3):387-410
The paper investigates the propriety of applying the form versus matter distinction to arguments and to logic in general.
Its main point is that many of the currently pervasive views on form and matter with respect to logic rest on several substantive
and even contentious assumptions which are nevertheless uncritically accepted. Indeed, many of the issues raised by the application
of this distinction to arguments seem to be related to a questionable combination of different presuppositions and expectations;
this holds in particular of the vexed issue of demarcating the class of logical constants. I begin with a characterization
of currently widespread views on form and matter in logic, which I refer to as ‘logical hylomorphism as we know it’—LHAWKI,
for short—and argue that the hylomorphism underlying LHAWKI is mereological. Next, I sketch an overview of the historical
developments leading from Aristotelian, non-mereological metaphysical hylomorphism to mereological logical hylomorphism (LHAWKI).
I conclude with a reassessment of the prospects for the combination of hylomorphism and logic, arguing in particular that
LHAWKI is not the only and certainly not the most suitable version of logical hylomorphism. In particular, this implies that
the project of demarcating the class of logical constants as a means to define the scope and nature of logic rests on highly
problematic assumptions. 相似文献
214.
Mental rotation is thought to underlie the increase in response times (RTs) for deciding whether rotated letters are normal
or mirrored versions. However, mental rotation predicts a linear increase in RTs, whereas the mirror/normal letter discrimination
task typically produces a curved function. Recently, Kung and Hamm suggested that this curved function results from a mixture
of trials in which mental rotation is employed and trials in which it is not. The mixture ratio may vary between individuals,
with some individuals relying more on mental rotation than others. There is no factor in the Kung and Hamm model that reflects
such individual differences. In the present study, we suggest that a possible exponent parameter could be added to the Kung
and Hamm model to capture individual differences in the mixture ratio. This exponent parameter appears to capture an individual
characteristic since the value obtained correlates between the mirror/normal letter task and a left/right object facing task.
The development of a quantity that represents the mixture ratio will aid further testing of processes involved in the visual
imagery system. 相似文献
215.
Stone A 《Memory & cognition》2012,40(4):652-662
A centre–surround attentional mechanism was proposed by Carr and Dagenbach (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition 16: 341–350, 1990) to account for their observations of negative semantic priming from hard-to-perceive primes. Their mechanism cannot account
for the observation of negative semantic priming when primes are clearly visible. Three experiments (Ns = 30, 46, and 30) used a familiarity decision with names of famous people, preceded by a prime name with the same occupation
as the target or with a different occupation. Negative semantic priming was observed at a 150- or 200-ms SOA, with positive
priming at shorter (50-ms) and longer (1,000-ms) SOAs. In Experiment 3, we verified that the primes were easily recognisable in the priming task at an SOA that yielded negative semantic priming,
which cannot be predicted by the original centre–surround mechanism. A modified version is proposed that explains transiently
negative semantic priming by proposing that centre–surround inhibition is a normal, automatically invoked aspect of the semantic
processing of visually presented famous names. 相似文献
216.
Recent research has demonstrated a relationship between retrieval organization and the efficacy of prior repeated retrieval
on delayed tests. The present study asked why repeated study engenders higher recall at a short delay despite lower retrieval
organization but produces a decline at a long delay, and why repeated retrieval engenders lower recall at a short delay despite
higher retrieval organization but produces stable recall over time. This relationship was examined through the inclusion of
two successive recall tests—one immediately after learning method and one a week later. Results replicated the interaction
in recall between learning method and delay characterizing the testing effect and, critically, revealed the qualitative differences
inherent in the retrieval organization of each method. Specifically, stable recall in repeated retrieval was accompanied by
strong and sustained conceptual organization, whereas organization for repeated study was tenuous and weakened across tests.
These differences quantitatively were assessed through the use of five targeted analyses: specifically, the examination of
cumulative recall curves, the accumulation of organization across time (a curve akin to cumulative recall), item gains and
losses across time, changes in the size of categories across time, and the fate of specific clusters of recalled items across
time. These differences are discussed within the context of differential processes occurring during learning method. 相似文献
217.
When participants are asked to recall lists of items in the reverse order, known as backward recall, several benchmark memory phenomena, such as the word length effect, are abolished (Bireta et al. Memory & Cognition 38:279–291,
2010). Bireta et al. (Memory & Cognition 38:279–291, 2010) suggested that in backward recall, reliance on order retention is increased at the expense of item retention, leading to
the abolition of item-based phenomena. In a subsequent study, however, Guérard and Saint-Aubin (in press) showed that four lexical factors known to modulate item retention were unaffected by recall direction. In a series of five
experiments, we examined the source of the discrepancy between the two studies. We revisited the effects of phonological similarity,
word length, articulatory suppression, and irrelevant speech, using open and closed pools of words in backward and forward
recall. The results are unequivocal in showing that none of these effects are influenced by recall direction, suggesting that
Bireta et al.’s (Memory & Cognition 38:279–291, 2010) results are the consequence of their particular stimuli. 相似文献
218.
In the present article, the lexical contribution to nonword reading was evaluated using Italian pseudohomophones that contained
atypical letters or letter sequences. Pseudohomophones were read faster than orthographically matched nonwords in both mixed
(Experiment 1) and pure (Experiment 2) lists; in addition, a base-word frequency effect was obtained in both conditions. The same pseudohomophone advantage was
observed when nonwords without atypical letter sequences were mixed in the experimental list (Experiment 3 ), and it disappeared only in lexical decision, in which pseudohomophones were rejected as quickly as control nonwords. The
pattern of results was explained by assuming that, due to their orthographic properties, the Italian pseudohomophones did
not benefit from an orthographic lexical contribution and were mainly processed through the interaction system between the
sublexical mechanisms and the phonological output lexicon. 相似文献
219.
Holding an intention often interferes with other ongoing activities, indicating that resource-demanding processes are involved
in maintaining the intention and noticing the appropriate event to fulfill it. Little is known, however, about the nature
of the processes underlying this task interference effect. The goal of the present research was to decompose the processes
contributing to the task interference effect by applying the diffusion model (Ratcliff, Psychological Review 85:59–108, 1978) to an event-based prospective memory task. In the first experiment, we validated the interpretation of the response criterion
parameter (a) of the diffusion model as reflecting strategies to cope with the anticipated demands of a prospective memory task in the
context of the ongoing task. The second experiment served to investigate which underlying processes contribute to the task
interference often found with prospective memory tasks. Diffusion model analyses revealed that the task interference effect
was due to (1) less efficient processing in the more demanding than in the less demanding prospective memory task and (2)
a more conservative response criterion. We suggest that the anticipated demands and the additional processing demands of the
prospective memory task jointly contribute to the task interference effect. 相似文献
220.
How a hobby can shape cognition: visual word recognition in competitive Scrabble players 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Competitive Scrabble is an activity that involves extraordinary word recognition experience. We investigated whether that
experience is associated with exceptional behavior in the laboratory in a classic visual word recognition paradigm: the lexical
decision task (LDT). We used a version of the LDT that involved horizontal and vertical presentation and a concreteness manipulation.
In Experiment 1, we presented this task to a group of undergraduates, as these participants are the typical sample in word recognition studies.
In Experiment 2, we compared the performance of a group of competitive Scrabble players with a group of age-matched nonexpert control participants.
The results of a series of cognitive assessments showed that the Scrabble players and control participants differed only in
Scrabble-specific skills (e.g., anagramming). Scrabble expertise was associated with two specific effects (as compared to
controls): vertical fluency (relatively less difficulty judging lexicality for words presented in the vertical orientation)
and semantic deemphasis (smaller concreteness effects for word responses). These results suggest that visual word recognition
is shaped by experience, and that with experience there are efficiencies to be had even in the adult word recognition system. 相似文献