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131.
The scope of knowledge space theory was extended by bringing into the picture the underlying skills and capabilities that are relevant to solving the problems in a knowledge domain. A major challenge to this approach comes from the need to aggregate distributed information on (partially) overlapping domains and skill sets. The notion of a distributed skill function is introduced for formalizing the integration of several skill functions that represent the assignment of skills to problems. It is shown that their consistency is captured by the meshability of the delineated knowledge structures. This result draws upon a characterization of the meshing of finite or infinite collections of knowledge structures, which extends and generalizes previous results on the binary case. The discussion covers implications for knowledge assessment and for practical applications, such as integrating skill assignments coming from different experts or distributed resources in technology-enhanced learning. 相似文献
132.
The exploration of spiritual and religious diversity may receive less attention in counselor education than is warranted, resulting in counselors who are unprepared to deal with spiritual and religious issues in counseling. This trend could have a negative impact on Jewish clients, as well as on other religious clients, who feel that issues related to their identity are ignored. The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2001) has recognized that religious diversity is an integral component of the multicultural counseling movement, but counselor education and training programs, as a whole, still need to embrace this standard. 相似文献
133.
Participation and Power: A Critical Assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Frank Heller 《Psychologie appliquee》2003,52(1):144-163
134.
Daniel Heller Irwin P. Levin Martin Goransson 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2002,89(2)
This study investigates the antecedents (task and decision maker characteristics) and consequences (set size and decision quality) of prescreening strategy selection. In Experiment 1 we investigated which strategy, inclusion or exclusion, is more natural for narrowing choices in tasks with a single correct answer; about 70% of the participants selected exclusion. Experiment 2 directly contrasted correct answer tasks with personal judgment tasks, using the same foils for the two tasks. Participants were more likely to use exclusion for items with a correct answer than for personal judgments. In Experiment 3, participants could choose different strategies for different items and rated the difficulty of each item. The greater the perceived difficulty of an item, the more likely participants were to choose an exclusion strategy. In all three experiments exclusion led to larger set sizes, across task type and experimental design. There were no differences in decision quality as a function of strategy selection after correcting for set size. Individual differences based on personality inventories were not found to be good predictors of strategy selection, but had moderate effects on set size for personal judgment tasks. Results are discussed in terms of a status quo bias for adding or deleting options from an initial reference frame. 相似文献
135.
Lara R. Robinson Amanda Sheffield Morris Sherryl Scott Heller Michael S. Scheeringa Neil W. Boris Anna T. Smyke 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(4):421-434
Young maltreated children, birth to three years, represent the age group with the highest rates of maltreatment in the United
States (ACYF 2007). There are few studies to date that have investigated early childhood maltreatment and its effects on emotion
regulatory processes and psychopathology. In response, the current investigation uses a dyadic assessment procedure to examine
the relationship between parenting, emotion regulation, and symptoms of psychopathology among maltreating and non-maltreating
parent–child interactions. The participants in this study were 123 children (66 maltreated and 57 nonmaltreated) from ages
1–3. Child and parent affect and child effortful control were observed during a parent–child interaction task. Symptoms of
psychopathology were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist. The maltreated children exhibited more anger, more internalizing
symptomatology, and less positive affect compared to non-maltreated children. Among maltreated children, emotion dysregulation
was associated with internalizing symptomatology. Moreover, these data reveal parental positive affect was associated with
lower child internalizing symptomatology and parental anger was associated with higher child internalizing symptomatology
in the entire sample. This investigation offers evidence that emotion dysregulation subsequent to poor dyadic interactions
is associated with early child maltreatment. These data suggest that maltreated children experience difficulties in emotion
regulation which may be related to their higher levels of behavioral symptomatology. 相似文献
136.
Contemporary egalitarian theories of justice constrain the demands of equality by responsibility, and do not view as unjust inequalities that are traceable to individuals' choices. This paper argues that, in order to make non-arbitrary determinate judgements of responsibility, any theory of justice needs a principle of stakes , that is, an account of what consequences choices should have. The paper also argues that the principles of stakes seemingly presupposed by egalitarians are implausible, and that adopting alternative principles of stakes amounts to fleshing out the demands of responsibility rather than imposing limits on them. 相似文献
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